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MMI133_Lecture9 Flashcards

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1
Q

immune system

A

body’s defence system against pathogens, cancers, organ transplants

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2
Q

functions of immune system

A

keep microorganisms out
remove microorganisms that get in
combat microorganisms that remain inside
fight cancer/ mutated + transformed cells

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3
Q

a well balanced immunce system should be able to distinguish betw

A

self and non-self (pathogen)

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4
Q

2 aspects of immune system

A

innate/natural immunity + adaptive/acquired immunity

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5
Q

innate/natural immunity

A

non-specific responses

1st + 2nd line defence

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6
Q

adaptive/acquired immunity

A

specific responses

3rd line of diffence

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7
Q

1st line of defence

A

skin
mucous membranes + secretions
normal flora

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8
Q

2nd line of defence

A

innate immune cells
infalmmation
complement
antimicrobial substances

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9
Q

3rd line of defence

A

specialized lymphocytes
B cells (produce antibodies)
T cells - helper T cells CD4 + killer T cells (CD8)

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10
Q

function of skin

A

physical barrier
stop microorganisms before they get in
no adherence = no invasion

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11
Q

what does keratin do in skin

A

water repelling protein

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12
Q

what does sebum do in skin

A

antibacterial + antifungal

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13
Q

what do dendritic cells do in skin

A

process antigens + initiate adaptive immunity

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14
Q

mucous membranes

A

form thin + permeable barriers

line the GI tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract

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15
Q

mechanical removal via mucous membranes

A

goblet cells produce mucous
mucous/secretions flush away microorganisms
ciliated cells in respiratory tract ( ciliary escalator)

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16
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

major defence mechanisms which protect lungs
ciliated cell sin respiratory tract
goblet cells produce mucus
prevent pathogen binding to host cells

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17
Q

secretions

A

provide protection

tears/saliva
crevicular fluid
gastric juice
urine/vaginal secretiosn

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18
Q

protectio of tears/saliva

A

lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycan)

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19
Q

protection of crevicular fluid

A

fluid that flows into gingival crevice betw teeth
similar composition to blood serum (immune cells/molecules)

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20
Q

protection of gastric juice

A

ph 1-2 very acidic

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21
Q

protection of urine/vaginal secretions

A

flushing action, ph, etc

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22
Q

innate immune cells

A

white blood cells = leukocytes

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23
Q

granulocytes

A

PMNL = polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells

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24
Q

antigen presentation

A

macrophages + dendritic cells

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25
natural killer cells
destroy infected host cells (intra-cellular bact, + virus + cancer cells) only one that kills cells instead of killing just pathogens
26
Neutrophils
60-70% of WBC's in blood first to arrive + initiate phagocytosis at infected site form NETS when die target fast moving, short lifespan Granulocyte
27
Neutrophil NETS
when they die, Neutrophils form these nets of sticky DNA which traps bacteria and can be disposed of
28
what turns pus greenish-yellow
myeloperoxidae in Neutrophils
29
Eosinophils
major in parasitic infection secrete cytolytic enzymes upon contact with pathogens cells circulate in blood until recruited to inflamed tissue Granulocyte
30
Mast Cells + Basophils
mast cells: in submucosal tissues, receptor for immunoglobulin, ALLERGIC reactions, release histamine once IgE receptor activated basophils: blood, similar function to mast, release histamine from granules granulocytes
31
Macrophages
3-8% WBC's effecient/ professional phagocyte, + eats dead neutrophils can break down infectious pathogen + present pieces antigen on receptors in blood (monocyte) or tissue (macrophage) antigen presenting cell
32
macrophage in blood circulation
monocyte
33
macrophage in tissue
macrophage
34
granuloma
mass of tissue - surrounding pathogen with fighters macrophage instigated seen in TB infections + many fungal infections
35
dendritic cell
proffessional antigen presenting cell - phagocytic adaptive immunity carries antigen from tissues to lymph glands where T + B lymphocytes reside presents antigen to T helper lymphocytes to initiate an adaptive immune repsonse
36
granules
leukocyte granules contain chemicals + enzymes to break down pathogens + sitmulate other immune cells Lytic granules Secretory granules
37
lytic granules
contain digestive enzymes ( lysozyme) to break down endocytosed pathogens
38
secretory granules
funtion to kill pathogens that are too big to eat contain chemical messenger substances that attract other immune cells to site (chemokines) some have inflammatory mediators ( histamine)
39
NK = natural killer cells
lymphocytes without immunological memory first line of defence against intracellular pathogens -virally infected cells -intracellular bact/protozoa -cancer cells release cytolytic granules = targeted cell destruction destoys: infected cells which have microbial antigen presented on MHC I virally infected cells lost surface expression of MHC I cancer cells that hav lost MHC I
40
MHC class I
major histocompatibility complex
41
MHC 1
its a receptor on the surface of all normal nucleated cells (healthy cells have a self protein bound on MHC I, sick cells may have a foreign peptide non self bound in the MHC I receptor) provide way for cytotoxic T cells to scan + detect intracellular infection NK see cells without self peptides on MHC I, and kill those without it
42
human MHC
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) just called MHC
43
MHC class II
major histocompatibility complex 2 only in macrophages, dendritic cells, + B lymphocytes (antigen-presenting cells or APC's) bind + present peptides to T-helper cells MHC II in order to initiate adaptive immune response go grab foreign peptides from infected cells and present to T-helper cells to deal with infection
44
MHC I summary
found in all cells iwth nuclei (self-maker) presents endogenous peptides activates CD8+
45
MHC II summary
found only on antigen-presnting cells presents exogenous peptides activates CD4+ helper cells
46
phagocytosis
when cell engulfs a solid particle to eat cell process cell eating
47
diapedesis
migration of cells from inside blood vessels across endothelium thru cell junctions
48
chemotaxis
directed movement of cells in a concentration gradient chemoattractants will have a cells follow solution to infection - sniff it out chemorepellents will repel cells away from solution
49
cytokines
small proteins made by host cell change behaviour of or communicate with other cells chemokines - used for attracting other cells to infection site interleukins - alter function of other cells
50
PRR
pattern recognition receptors
51
TLRs
toll-like receptors recognize diff molecs from pathogens
52
triggering TLRs leads to
chemokine release - calls for help from circulation proinflammatory cytokine release - activates neighboring cells increased microbiocidal activity - destroy ingested pathogens
53
inflammation
localized tissue reponse to infection or injury
54
SHARP inflammatory reponse
Swelling Heat Altered function Redness Pain
55
swelling + heat + redness + pain leads to
altered function
56
lymph nodes
where immune cells (T + B lymphocytes) multiply - preparing for effective immune response
57
inflammation is a
localized tissue response to infection or injury
58
pus
mixture of dead cells - neutrophils + body fluid
59
abscess
accumulation of pus (pustules + boils)
60
pyogenic = pus-producing bacteria
streptococcus pyogenes + streptococcus aureus
61
Antigen
foreign substance capable of provoking an immune response (bact, virus, protozoa, pollen, transplated tissue, etc.)
62
epitope
specific spot or site on a antigen recognized by immune cells or antibodies
63
antibody
immunoglobulin or Ig protein produced by B lymphocytes that can bind to a specific epitope on an antigen leads to removal of antigen
64
complement system
group of serum proteins in circulation (made in liver) which function to enhance immune funcitoning + defend against pathogens reaction occurs on surface of cell
65
complement pathways
classical alternative lectin
66
antibody independent pathways
alternative pathway + lectin pathway
67
classical complement pathway
activated by antibody - antigen (Ab-Ag) complexes C4 + C2 -> C3 C3 + C2 + C4 -> C5 = C5b-9 (MAC)
68
activated complement
compelment is activated by 1/3 pathways once activated, a cascade of melecs funciton to amplify many aspects of inflammation all pathways converge on formation of C5 convertase, followed by complement proteins C5 -> C9 and form membrane attack complex (MAC) which inserts into bact cell mambrane causing lysis
69
MAC
membrane attack complex = the end formation of all complement pathways C5 generated disrupts osmotic integrity resuliting in lysis/cell death
70
the classical pathway is activated by
antibodies antibody-antigen complexes
71
the alternative pathway is activated by
cell surface molecules on pathogens (cell wall materials like polysaccharides)
72
all pathways converge at formation of
C5 convertase followed by complement proteins C5 -> C9 and form the MAC which inserts into bact cell membrane causing lysis
73
C5 initiates
generation of MAC
74
C3b
opsonization - coats bacteria to enhance phagocytosis - icing to make bact more tasty
75
C5a
chemoattractant recruits phagocytes - draws them in to infection to fight it
76
C3a + C5a
anaphylatoxins - cause histamine release mediate inflammation
77
C5-C9
MAC - kills pathogens
78
functions of complement OIL
opsonization inflammation lysis
79
interferons
produced by virally infected cells - defence molec against virus
80
antimicrobial peptides
production triggered by activation of TLRs broad spectrum - dermcidin - sweat glands - defensins - neutrophils + macrophages - thromobocidin - platelets
81
C-reactive protein
marks bact for opsonization - enhanced phagocytosis acute phase reactant (substance rapidly produced after infection or tissue damate) produced in liver inv level means bact infection
82
large degree of
redundancy in the immune systems so that if one pathway isn't workign another can accomplish the task

MMI133 (16 decks)

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