[MND] Traumatic Brain Injury 2

Question 1

Damage can be FOCAL or damage can be DIFFUSE; what are they?

Answer 1

FOCAL -> Due to contact injury types resulting in contusion, laceration, and intracranial haemorrhage
DIFFUSE -> Due to acceleration/deceleration injury types resulting in DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or BRAIN INJURY. A wide-spread injury.

Question 2

Risk Factors TBI

Answer 2

Being an adolescent male, being an elderly man due to falls, risk taking behaviour, young infants (shaken baby syndrome)

Question 3

Classification of as having a TBI, you need to have one or more of the following:

Answer 3

• Confusion or disorientation
• Loss of consciousness
• Post-traumatic amnesia
• Other neurological abnormalities

Question 4

Epidemiology

Answer 4

20,000 to 30,000 cases per year

every day 90 New Zealander’s sustain a brain injury

Question 5

Clinical features of moderate to severe TBI?

Answer 5

Headache that doesn’t go away, repeated vomiting or nausea, dilation of one or more pupils, slurred speech, aphasia, dysarthria, weakness or numbness in the limbs

Question 6

Outcome measure for patient 45, moderate TBI, difficulty using elbow and hand functionally and unable to grasp and release an object?

Answer 6

Wolf motor Function Test; measures upper limb function; involves several functional tasks such as turning key lock and flipping cards

Question 7

Common causes of TBI?

Answer 7

Sporting accidents and falls are primary factors for under 20 years
Falls in older adults as well
transport accidents particularly in the adult populations
motor vehicle accidents etc

Question 8

For mirror therapy in terms of joint movement, you will go from

Answer 8

simple joint movements (i.e. single finger) to multiple joint movements then to unilateral functional tasks

Question 9

Secondary Processes in Secondary Damage develop over hours and days, they include

Answer 9

• Neurotransmitter releases
• calcium-mediated damage
• mitochondrial dysfunction
• inflammatory responses

Question 10

A Glasgow Coma Scale is a commonly used system for classifying TBI severity and grades a person’s level of consciousness on a scale of 3 to 15 based on verbal, motor, and eye-opening reactions to stimuli.
A moderate Glasgow Coma Scale score would be

Answer 10

9 to 12 (8 and below is severe; above 13 mild)