MOA Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Doxazosin
A
Selectively inhibits the alpha(1)-subtype of alpha adrenergic receptors, and binds highly to alpha(1A) adrenoceptor reducing total peripheral resistance via arterial and venous dilation.
2
Q
Terazosin
A
Selectively inhibits the alpha(1)-subtype of alpha adrenergic receptors, and binds highly to alpha(1A) adrenoceptor reducing total peripheral resistance via arterial and venous dilation.
3
Q
Clonidine
A
Stimulates postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central nervous system by activating inhibitory neurons to decrease sympathetic outflow, reducing peripheral vascular resistance, renal vascular resistance, heart rate, and blood pressure
4
Q
Irbesartan
A
Blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor subtype in many tissues (eg, vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland).
5
Q
Losartan
A
Blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor subtype in many tissues (eg, vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland).
6
Q
Valsartan
A
Blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor subtype in many tissues (eg, vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland).
7
Q
Benazepril
A
Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Decreased angiotensin II leads to decreased vasopressor activity and decreased aldosterone secretion
8
Q
Enalapril
A
Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Decreased angiotensin II leads to decreased vasopressor activity and decreased aldosterone secretion
9
Q
Lisinopril
A
Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Decreased angiotensin II leads to decreased vasopressor activity and decreased aldosterone secretion
10
Q
Quinapril
A
Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Decreased angiotensin II leads to decreased vasopressor activity and decreased aldosterone secretion
11
Q
Ramipril
A
Prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Decreased angiotensin II leads to decreased vasopressor activity and decreased aldosterone secretion
12
Q
Carvedilol
A
Nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent with alpha 1-adrenergic blocking activity and no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
13
Q
Atenolol
A
Selectively blocks beta-1 adrenoreceptors located mainly in cardiac muscles, decreasing the effects of endogenous catecholamines
14
Q
Metoprolol
A
Selectively blocks beta-1 adrenoreceptors located mainly in cardiac muscles, decreasing the effects of endogenous catecholamines
15
Q
Nebivolol
A
Selectively blocks beta-1 adrenoreceptors located mainly in cardiac muscles, decreasing the effects of endogenous catecholamines
16
Q
Propranolol
A
Nonselective beta-blocker that reduces chronotropic, inotropic and vasodilator responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation by competing for available binding sites that stimulate the beta-adrenergic receptorsb
17
Q
Amlodipine
A
Blocks the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscles. It also reduces peripheral vascular resistance and lowers blood pressure by causing a direct vasodilation in the peripheral arteries of the vascular smooth muscle.
18
Q
Nifedipine
A
Blocks the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscles. It also reduces peripheral vascular resistance and lowers blood pressure by causing a direct vasodilation in the peripheral arteries of the vascular smooth muscle.
19
Q
Diltiazem
A
Blocks calcium ion influx during depolarization of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. It decreases peripheral vascular resistance and causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle resulting in a decrease of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
20
Q
Verapamil
A
Blocks calcium ion influx during depolarization of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. It decreases peripheral vascular resistance and causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle resulting in a decrease of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
21
Q
Digoxin
A
Inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase, which increases intracellular sodium concentration leading to increased intracellular calcium concentration
22
Q
Furosemide
A
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and cloride in the ascending loop of Henle and proximal and distal renal tubules.
23
Q
Spironolactone
A
Inhibits aldosterone effects by competing with aldosterone for intracellular mineralocorticoid receptors - clinically manifested as a natriuresis and potassium retaining action
24
Q
Hydrochlorothiazide
A
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted renal tubule
25
Hydralazine
Exhibits a peripheral-vasodilating effect through a direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
26
Atorvastatin
Selectively and competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a sterol and cholesterol precursor
27
Lovastatin
Selectively and competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a sterol and cholesterol precursor
28
Pravastatin
Selectively and competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a sterol and cholesterol precursor
29
Rosuvastatin
Selectively and competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a sterol and cholesterol precursor
30
Simvastatin
Selectively and competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a sterol and cholesterol precursor
31
Ezetimibe
Acts at the brush border of the small intestine to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol, leading to a decrease in the delivery of intestinal cholesterol to the liver
32
Fenofibrate
Stimulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha, which causes a decrease in triglyceride levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein levels, with a modest decrease in low-density lipoprotein
33
Gemfibrozil
Stimulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha, which causes a decrease in triglyceride levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein levels, with a modest decrease in low-density lipoprotein
34
Ketoconazole
Damages the fungal cell wall and alters the cell wall permeability by inhibiting the biosynthesis of sterols
35
Nystatin
Damages the fungal cell wall and alters the cell wall permeability by inhibiting the biosynthesis of sterols
36
Meclizine
Blocks the interaction of histamine with central and peripheral H1 receptors
37
Promethazine
Blocks the interaction of histamine with central and peripheral H1 receptors
38
Cetirizine
Prevents allergic response by inhibiting the interaction of histamine with peripheral H1 receptors
39
Loratadine
Prevents allergic response by inhibiting the interaction of histamine with peripheral H1 receptors
40
Olopatadine
Inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells and blocks the effects of histamine on H1 conjunctival epithelial cells
41
Famotidine
Inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the action of histamine at the H2-receptors on the gastric cells
42
Ranitidine
Inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the action of histamine at the H2-receptors on the gastric cells
43
Lansoprazole
Blocks the final step of gastric acid production by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells
44
Omeprazole
Blocks the final step of gastric acid production by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells
45
Diclofenac
Nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors
46
Ibuprofen
Nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors
47
Meloxicam
Nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors
48
Naproxen
Nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors
49
Potassium
Electrolyte required for the maintenance of the excitatory properties of neuromuscular tissues
50
Vitamin D
Metabolized to the active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) to stimulate calcium and phosphate absorption from the small intestine
51
Folic Acid
Prevents macrocytic anemia by assisting in the conversion of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate, a rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis
52
Clopidogrel
Metabolized to an active metabolite that binds to the P2Y12 component of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors on platelets. This binding prevents activation of the ADP-mediated glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, preventing platelet aggregation
53
Ticagrelor
Metabolized to an active metabolite that binds to the P2Y12 component of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors on platelets. This binding prevents activation of the ADP-mediated glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, preventing platelet aggregation
54
Dabigatran
Prevents the development of a thrombus by competitively and reversibly inhibiting free and fibrin-bound thrombin; thrombin inhibition prevents the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
55
Rivaroxaban
Selectively and reversibly blocks the active site of factor Xa, inhibiting platelet activation and fibrin clot formation
56
Enoxaparin
Low-molecular-weight heparin with antifactor Xa and IIa properties, reducing thrombin generation
57
Warfarin
Prevents the conversion of vitamin k to its active form (vitamin k epoxide) and impairs the formation of vitamin k-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S
58
Nitroglycerin
Converted to nitric oxide by vascular endothelium, which activates guanylate cyclase, increases cyclic GMP, decreases intracellular calcium, resulting in direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Nitric oxide produces a vasodilator effect on peripheral veins and arteries (more prominent effects on the veins) as well as coronary arteries.
59
Oseltamivir
In its active form, inhibits influenza virus neuraminidase which affects viral particle release
60
Benzonatate
Reduces the cough reflex by anesthetizing stretch receptors in the respiratory passages
61
Guaifenesin
Increases the volume and reduces the viscosity of secretions in the trachea and bronchi
62
Albuterol
Selectively acts on the beta 2-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, resulting in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
63
Levalbuterol
Selectively acts on the beta 2-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, resulting in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
64
Budesonide
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation
65
Fluticasone
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation
66
Mometasone
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation
67
Methylprednisolone
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation
68
Prednisone
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation
69
Budesonide + Formoterol
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation AND selectively acts on the beta 2-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, resulting in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
70
Fluticasone + Salmeterol
Decreased formation, release, and activity of the mediators of inflammation AND selectively acts on the beta 2-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, resulting in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
71
Montelukast
Binds to cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) type-1 receptors found in human airway (smooth muscle cells and macrophages), which prevents airway edema, smooth muscle contraction and other respiratory inflammation
72
Tiotropium
Long-acting antimuscarinic agent that inhibits M3 receptors of the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation
73
Solifenacin
A competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, has a high binding affinity for the cholinergic muscarinic receptors that mediate contraction of the urinary bladder and salivation
74
Tolterodine
A competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, has a high binding affinity for the cholinergic muscarinic receptors that mediate contraction of the urinary bladder and salivation
75
Tamsulosin
Selectively blocks postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors. Total peripheral resistance is reduced through arterial and venous dilations
76
Sildenafil
Inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), thereby increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) enhancing, erectile function and pulmonary vasculature relaxation
77
Tadalafil
Inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), thereby increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) enhancing, erectile function and pulmonary vasculature relaxation
78
Vardenafil
Inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), thereby increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) enhancing, erectile function and pulmonary vasculature relaxation
79
Oxybutynin
Competitively antagonizes muscarinic receptors, reducing contractions of the urinary bladder smooth muscle
80
Clobetasol
Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties by the induction of phospholipase A2-inhibitory proteins, lipocortins
81
Triamcinolone
Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties by the induction of phospholipase A2-inhibitory proteins, lipocortins
82
Alendronate
Binds to bone hydroxyapatite, and at the cellular level, inhibits osteoclast activity, thereby inhibiting bone resorption and modulating bone metabolism
83
Risedronate
Binds to bone hydroxyapatite, and at the cellular level, inhibits osteoclast activity, thereby inhibiting bone resorption and modulating bone metabolism
84
Levothyroxine
Synthetic thyroid hormone, mimics actions of endogenous thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, by diffusing into the cell nucleus and binding to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA
85
Metformin
Reduces hepatic glucose production and enhances glucose utilization by muscle
86
Saxagliptin
Inhibits the degradation of incretin hormones by DPP-4, and enhances the function of GLP-1 and GIP to increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner
87
Sitagliptin
Inhibits the degradation of incretin hormones by DPP-4, and enhances the function of GLP-1 and GIP to increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner
88
Pioglitazone
Potent agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) used to improve insulin sensitivity
89
Glimepiride
Enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and potentiates insulin action on several extrahepatic tissues
90
Exenatide
An agonist of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, thereby augmenting glucose-dependent insulin secretion and slowing gastric emptying
91
Liraglutide
An agonist of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, thereby augmenting glucose-dependent insulin secretion and slowing gastric emptying
92
Insulin Detemir
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins
93
Insulin Glargine
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins
94
Insulin Aspart
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins
95
Insulin Lispro
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins
96
Celecoxib
Selective inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme isoform is thought to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects
97
Nabumetone
A nonselective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandin precursors
98
Azithromycin
Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with microbial protein synthesis
99
Clarithromycin
Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with microbial protein synthesis
100
Penicillin
Works interfering with late stages of bacterial cell wall synthesis
101
Minocycline
Inhibits protein synthesis at the 30S ribosomal subunit.
102
Metronidazole
Causes a loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death
103
Fluconazole
Inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell wall membrane and altering its permeability
104
Baclofen
Inhibits the transmission of both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal cord level, possibly by hyperpolarization of primary afferent fiber terminals, with resultant relief of muscle spasticity
105
Cyclobenzaprine
Centrally-acting skeletal muscle relaxant, reduces tonic somatic motor activity influencing both alpha and gamma motor neurons
106
Methocarbamol
Causes skeletal muscle relaxation by general CNS depression
107
Donepezil
Reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, an enzyme that causes hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Thereby, causes an increases of acetylcholine in the CNS
108
Tizanidine
Centrally acting muscle relaxant that is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist agent which decreases spasticity by increasing presynaptic inhibition
109
Acetaminophen
Analgesia MOA not fully elucidated though may activate descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS; other nociceptive systems may be involved. Antipyretic MOA: inhibits hypothalmic heat-regulating center.
110
Oxycodone
Mu opioid receptor agonist
111
Fentanyl
Mu opioid receptor agonist
112
Morphine
Mu opioid receptor agonist
113
Tramadol
Mu opioid receptor agonist and weak inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
114
Methadone
Mu opioid receptor agonist and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist
115
Codeine / Acetaminophen
"Acetaminophen: activation of descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS
Codeine: mu opioid receptor agonist "
116
Oxycodone/APAP
"Acetaminophen: activation of descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS
Oxycodone: mu opioid receptor agonist "
117
Buprenorphine + Naloxone
"Buprenorphine: mu opioid receptor partial agonist and weak kappa opioid receptor antagonist
Naloxone: mu opioid receptor antagonist "
118
Gabapentin
Structurally related to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) but does not bind to GABA receptors. Binds to gabapentin binding sites that correspond to voltage-gated calcium channels that modulate the release of excitatory neurotransmitters
119
Lamotrigine
Inhibits voltage-sensitive sodium channels thus reducing release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate. Also has weak inhibitory effect on the 5-HT3 receptor
120
Levetiracetam
Precise mechanism unclear. May involve inhibition of voltage-dependent N-type calcium channels, facilitation of GABA-ergic inhibitory transmission
121
Divalproex
Increases GABA levels by inhibiting its metabolism or enhancing its activity. Also blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, which results in suppression of high-frequency repetitive neuronal firing
122
Phenytoin
Increases efflux or decreases influx of sodium ions across cell membranes in the motor cortex during generation of nerve impulses; prolongs effective refractory period and suppresses ventricular pacemaker automaticity
123
Pregabalin
Binds to alpha-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels within the CNS and modulates calcium influx at the nerve terminals, thereby inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitter release including glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. GABA analogue but does not bind to GABA receptors.
124
Topiramate
Blocks neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels, enhances GABA-A activity, antagonizes AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors, and weakly inhibits carbonic anhydrase
125
Glipizide
Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites
126
Glyburide
Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells; suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis; insulin sensitivity is increased at peripheral target sites
127
Nitrofurantoin
Inactivates or alters bacterial ribosomal proteins leading to inhibition of protein synthesis, aerobic energy metabolism, DNA, RNA, and cell wall synthesis
128
Valacyclovir
Prodrug of acyclovir that is further converted to acyclovir triphosphate by virus specific cellular enzymes. Acyclovir triphosphate inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate for viral DNA polymerase and being incorporated into viral DNA.
129
Ropinirole
Dopamine receptor agonist. Has higher specificity to D3 than D2 and D4 dopamine receptor subtypes, and moderate in vitro affinity for opioid receptors.
130
Memantine
Uncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor operated cation channels
131
Sumatriptan
Selective agonist for serotonin (5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors) on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of the trigeminal system. Causes vasoconstriction and reduces neurogenic inflammation associated with antidromic neuronal transmission
132
Amitriptyline
Blocks presynaptic reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, causing an increase in the synaptic concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system
133
Mirtazapine
Antagonist of central presynaptic alpha2-adrenergic receptors, which results in increased release of norepinephrine and serotonin. Also a potent antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and H1 histamine receptors
134
Phenelzine
Inhibits monoamine oxidase, thereby increasing endogenous concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
135
Aripiprazole
Partial agonist of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, and antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors
136
Olanzapine
Antagonist of D2, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, histamine H1, and apha1 adrenergic receptors
137
Quetiapine
Antagonist of D1, D2, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, histamine H1, and adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors
138
Risperidone
Antagonist of D2, 5-HT2, histamine H1, and adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors
139
Bupropion
Dopamine and norepinephrine uptake inhibitor
140
Venlafaxine
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
141
Duloxetine
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
142
Citalopram
Selective inhibitor of presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
143
Escitalopram
Selective inhibitor of presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
144
Paroxetine
Selective inhibitor of presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
145
Sertraline
Selective inhibitor of presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
146
Trazodone
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin, acts as 5HT2a receptor antagonist, and blocks histamine (H1) and α1-adrenergic receptors
147
Amphetamine/ Dextroamphetamine
Promote release of catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrnie, from their storage sites in presynaptic nerve terminals
148
Methylphenidate
Block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space
149
Lisdexamfetamine
Block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space
150
Phentermine
Stimulates hypothalamus to release norepinephrine
151
Zolpidem
Agonist of the benzodiazepine-1 (BZ-1) receptor that results in increased chloride conductance, neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibition of action potential, and decrease neuronal excitability. Structurally dissimilar to benzodiazepines.
152
Alprazolam
Binds to benzodiazepine receptors on postsynaptic GABA neuron, increasing nueronal membrane permeability to cloride ions, and thereby enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability
153
Temazepam
Binds to benzodiazepine receptors on postsynaptic GABA neuron, increasing nueronal membrane permeability to cloride ions, and thereby enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability
154
Diazepam
Binds to benzodiazepine receptors on postsynaptic GABA neuron, increasing nueronal membrane permeability to cloride ions, and thereby enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability
155
Clonazepam
Binds to benzodiazepine receptors on postsynaptic GABA neuron, increasing nueronal membrane permeability to cloride ions, and thereby enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability
156
Lorazepam
Binds to benzodiazepine receptors on postsynaptic GABA neuron, increasing nueronal membrane permeability to cloride ions, and thereby enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability
157
Buspirone
Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists with some effect on dopamine-D2 auto-receptors
158
Benztropine
Anticholinergic and antihistamine effects
159
Nicotine replacement
Binds stereo-selectively to nicotinic-cholinergic receptors at the autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and neuromuscular junctions in the brain. Produce a stimulating effect in the cortex via the locus coeruleus and a reward effect in the limbic system.
160
Loperamide
Binds to the opioid receptor and acts directly on circular and longitudinal intestinal muscles, inhibiting peristalsis and prolonging transit time. Also reduces fecal volume, increases viscosity and bulk density, and decreases fluid and electrolyte loss. Has antisecretory activity and increases anal sphincter tone.
161
Bisacodyl
Directly stimulates peristalsis by irritating intestinal smooth muscle; also alters water and electrolyte secretion resulting in net intestinal fluid accumulation
162
Senna
Stimulant laxative induces defecation by stimulating peristalsis in the intestine via direct action on intestinal mucosa or nerve plexus; therefore increasing motility
163
Docusate sodium
Reduces surface tension of the oil-water interface of the stool resulting in enhanced incorporation of water and fat allowing for stool softening
164
Polyethylene glycol 3350
Hyperosmotic solution that causes water retention in the stool and increases stool frequency
165
Ferrous Sulfate
Restore body iron stores needed for hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other body processes
166
Esomeprazole
Blocks the final step of gastric acid production by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells
167
Pantoprazole
Blocks the final step of gastric acid production by inhibiting the hydrogen/potassium-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells
168
Adalimumab
Binds to human soluble TNF-alpha, preventing its binding to receptors and subsequent cytokine-driven inflammatory processes
169
Etanercept
Binds to human soluble TNF-alpha, preventing its binding to receptors and subsequent cytokine-driven inflammatory processes
170
Hydroxychloroquine
Interferes with digestive vacuole function within sensitive malarial parasites by increasing the pH and interfering with lysosomal degradation of hemoglobin; inhibits locomotion of neutrophils and chemotaxis of eosinophils; impairs complement-dependent antigen-antibody reactions
171
Methotrexate
Binds to and inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, interfering with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular replication
172
Allopurinol
Inhibits xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsibe for converting hypoxanthine to uric acid, thus reducing uric acid levels
173
Metoclopramide
Increases GI motility and accelerates gastric emptying by increasing upper GI tissue response to acetylcholine. Also blocks dopamine receptors (at higher doses) and serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the CNS
174
Ondansetron
5-HT3 receptor antagonist peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone
175
Dicyclomine
Blocks the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic acetylcholine receptor sites in smooth muscle, secretory glands and the CNS, thereby relieving smooth muscle spasms in the GI tract
176
Tretinoin
Vitamin A derivative that modifies epithelial growth and differentiation by decreasing cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells resulting in decreased microcomedo formation; stimulates mitotic activity causing increased follicular epithelial cell turnover
177
Latanoprost
Prostoglandin F2-alpha analogue that reduces intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
178
Travoprost
Prostoglandin F2-alpha analogue that reduces intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
179
Hydrocodone/ Acetominophen
"Hydrocodone: mu opioid receptor agonist
Acetaminophen: activation of descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS"
180
Phenazopyridine
Excreted in the urine where it exerts a topical analgesic effect on urinary tract mucosa
181
Mupirocin
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to isoleucyl transfer-RNA synthetase
182
Dolutegravir
Binds to the integrase enzyme and inhibits the strand transfer step of HIV-1 DNA integration
183
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
Acts as an analog of adenosine, interfering with viral replication of DNA
184
Emtricitabine
Acts as an analog of cytidine, interfering with viral replication of DNA
185
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
Acts as an analog of adenosine, interfering with viral replication of DNA
186
Bictegravir
Binds to the integrase enzyme and inhibits the strand transfer step of HIV-1 DNA integration
187
Darunavir
Binds to the site of HIV-1 protease activity and inhibits cleavage of polyprotein precursors into functional HIV proteins
188
Rilpivirine
Binds to reverse transcriptase enzyme, blocking HIV-1 replication
189
Elvitegravir
Binds to the integrase enzyme and inhibits the strand transfer step of HIV-1 DNA integration
190
Cobicistat
Inhibits CYP3A4, increasing systemic exposure of HIV drugs that are CYP3A substrates
