Mobility_PL Flashcards
List categories of mobility (4)
- Walking/Gait
- Transfers
- Bed Mobility
- Stair Walking
List the 3 Essential Requirements for Successful Locomotion
- Progression
- Postural Control
- Adaptation
Term: the need to initiate and terminate locomotion and move the body in the desired direction
Progression
Term: maintain the body upright and stable in a dynamic environment
Postural Control
Term: alter gait in response to a dynamic environment and changing goals
Adaptation
Describe the forces that need to be generated during stance (2)
- horizontal forces to keep the body moving forward
- vertical forces to support the body against gravity
Describe what needs to be accomplished during swing (3)
- advance the swing limb
- position the swing limb so it’s ready to accept weight
- avoid contact with the ground/obstacles
Describe the gait cycle
Symmetrical alternating gait pattern that provides the greatest dynamic stability with minimal control demands
There is a phase lag between limbs of a half cycle
List the % time spent in stance vs. swing and single vs. double stance
60% stance; 40% swing
40% single stance; 20% double stance
List the subphases of stance and swing
Stance: initial contact, loading, midstance, terminal stance, preswing
Swing: initial, mid, terminal
List the temporal and distance factors affecting gait (4)
- velocity
- step length (can ID asymmetry)
- step frequency or cadence (steps/min)
- stride length (heelstrike to heelstrike on same foot)
List the normal young adult speeds
- Gait
- Cadence
- Step Length
- 1.46 m/s
- 1.9 steps/sec
- 76.3 cm or 30.05 in
Describe how gait velocity is selected
Step rate and gait velocity is related to trying to minimize energy output/energy expenditure
** Swing phase doesn’t require much EE in normal gait
List 2 factors essential for normal gait
- Sensory information from periphery
- Descending control
Describe reactive equilibrium control
This type of control is used in response to perturbation and involves the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems
vision: control of velocity; vertical alignment
vestibular: control of gaze, head stabilization
somatosensory: distal to proximal sequence w/slips
Describe how the body responses to a slip in early vs. late swing
early: elevating strategy of swing limb by increased flexion of swing limb and early heel rise of stance limb
late: lowering strategy with PF of swing foot to reach the ground
Describe proactive equilibirium control
This is the use of vision to identify and avoid or accommodate for obstacles. Predictions are made based on our past experiences.
simple terrain = visual sample 10% of the time
uneven terrain = visual sample 30% of the time
Describe how gait is initiated (3)
- begins with relaxation of mm (gastroc/soleus) from quiet stance
- has appearance of falling forward
- shifts COP from toward swing limb and then to stance limb
Describe the 2 turning strategies
- spin-turn (turn to R, R foot forward, body spins around R foot)
- step-trun (turn to L, R foot forward, weight shifted to R foot, L hip ER, weight transfers to L foot)
Describe the differences between stair ascent and descent
Ascent: requires forces 2x of that needed in level walking, knee extensors generate the most energy to move forward, greatest instability with contralateral toe-off when the ipsilateral leg takes all BW and limb is flexed
Descent: eccentric contraction is key
List 2 key components of adapting stair walking patterns
- foot clearance
- foot placement
**depend largely on visual input
List the essential characteristics of moving from sitting to standing (3)
- Generating sufficient joint torque to rise
- Ensuring stability by moving COM from 1 BOS to BOS defined by feet
- Ability to modify movement strategy depending on environment
Describe the 4 phases of the momentum transfers strategy to move from sit to stand
- Weight Shift/Flexion Momentum: flex trunk, body stable, COM is moving within BOS of the chair seat
- Beginning to lift: butt leaves seat, horiztonal and verticla motion must coordinated (unstable phase)
- Lift/Extension: extension of hips/knees, most movement is vertical
- Stabilization: body stability is achieved
Describe the zero momentum strategy for moving from sit to stand (3)
- Flex trunk, put COM over feet
- Increased foce of LE to lift
- More stable throughout
