Mod. 10: Digestive System/ Psych Disorders

Question 1

Name 3 pairs of salivary glands

Answer 1

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 2

visible blood in stools indicating a lower GI bleed

Answer 2

hematochezia

Question 3

dark, tarry stools indicating an upper GI bleed

Answer 3

melena

Question 4

dilated varicose veins in esophagus
-portal hypertension d/t blockage or dec. blood flow into liver

Answer 4

Esophageal Varices

Question 5

sliding of part of stomach into chest cavity through hole in diaphragm d/t weakened cardiac sphincter, inc. abdominal pressure, obesity, pregnancy etc

Answer 5

hiatal hernia

Question 6

inflammation of lower esophagael tissue & chronic “heartburn”

Answer 6

reflux esophagus/
(GERD)- gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 7

over time, mucosal cells lining lower portion of esophagus experience metaplastic change

Answer 7

Barrett’s esophagus

Question 8

2 types of esophageal cancer

Answer 8

squamous cell carcinoma- from squamous cells in lining
adenocarcinoma- from mucous producing cells

Question 9

inflammation of stomach lining

Answer 9

Gastritis
chronic (nonerosive) & acute (erosive w/ ulcers)

Question 10

chronic ulcer in stomach or duodenum w/ lots of H. Pylori bacteria d/t drugs, alcohol, stress, NSAIDs

Answer 10

Peptic ulcer

Question 11

disease linked to food additives, tobacco, pickled/smoked/salted foods, H. Pylori infection

Answer 11

stomach cancer

Question 12

inflammation of stomach & intestine d/t to bacterial, viral or parasitic infections

Answer 12

Gastroenteritis

Question 13

pouching of small intestine & peritoneum in groin over inguinal ligament
-congenital or weak abdominal wall

Answer 13

Inguinal Hernia

Question 14

s/s: bulge in groin or scrotum w/ pain that increases w/ lift/bend but relieved when lying down; severe s/s if “strangulated”

Answer 14

inguinal hernia

Question 15

small intestine can’t adequately absorb nutrients & minerals causing excess fecal excretion, nutrient deficiency & GI s/s

Answer 15

Malabsorption syndrome

Question 16

chronic inflammatory disease w/ periods of remission & exacerbation
-mucosal lesions create “cobblestone” appearance in small intestine

Answer 16

Crohn’s disease/
Regional Enteritis

Question 17

inability to move intestinal contents through bowel d/t blockage of proximal & then collapse of distal (compromises blood flow)

Answer 17

intestinal obstruction

Question 18

infection or obstruction by fecal contents causes appendix blockage

Answer 18

appendicitis

Question 19

s/s: sudden onset of intense R lower abdominal pain (mcBurney’s point)

Answer 19

appendicitis

Question 20

inflammation of peritoneum causing sever diffuse abdominal pain, sweating, fever, weakness etc

Answer 20

Peritonitis

Question 21

inflammation of diverticula (pouch) due to low fiber diet, processed food, lack of exercise etc

Answer 21

Diverticulosis

Question 22

nonspecific, nondamaging intestinal condition due to stress, food, immune condition or intestine sensitivity

Answer 22

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Question 23

autoimmune disease w/ chronic inflammation & ulceration of colon where mucous membrane becomes erythematous & loses vascularity

Answer 23

Ulcerative colitis

Question 24

disease commonly from adenocarcinoma of mucosal lining
-related to colon polyps, ulcerative colitis, red meat/low fiber diet

Answer 24

Colorectal cancer

Question 25

benign/malignant small, finger-like projections in intestinal wall of colon

Answer 25

Intestinal Polyps

Question 26

enlargement/inflammation of veins at edge of anus d/t chronic diarrhea, pregnancy, obesity, mm weakness, straining

Answer 26

Hemorrhoids

Question 27

blood loss in GI diseases has what affect on vitals?

Answer 27

high HR, low BP (cause orthostatic hypotension)

Question 28

chronic fibrosis of liver leads to liver failure d/t heavy alcohol use, obesity, Hepatitis infections, cystic fibrosis

Answer 28

Cirrhosis of Liver

Question 29

s/s: ascites, esophageal varicosities, GI hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, malnutrition, jaundice, splenomegaly

Answer 29

Cirrhosis of Liver

Question 30

inflammatory process in liver d/t virus (Epstein-Barr, herpes, varicella-zoster), drug reaction, chemical reaction or alcohol abuse

Answer 30

Hepatitis

Question 31

type of hepatitis: transmitted by close contact or fecal-oral; nonprogressive; 6-10wk recovery

Answer 31

Hep A

Question 32

type of hepatitis: transmission through sharing needles, sex or bodily fluid exposure; uses vaccination series

Answer 32

Hep B

Question 33

type of hepatitis: can cause chronic liver disease/failure; transmitted through needle sharing, sex or bodily fluid exposure; no vaccine

Answer 33

Hep C

Question 34

gallbladder inflammation d/t gallstone blocking cystic duct -upper R quadrant pain

Answer 34

Cholecystitis

Question 35

presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts d/t excess cholesterol & insufficient bile salts (so overproduction of bile)

Answer 35

Cholelithiasis

Question 36

inflammation of pancreas d/t gallstones (acute) or alcohol use (chronic) -fibrous tissue replaces pancreatic tissue & loss of function

Answer 36

Pancreatitis

Question 37

disease w/ rapidly spreading adenocarcinoma; has carcinogen influence; low prognosis

Answer 37

Pancreatic cancer

Question 38

organ responsible for regulating electrolyte concentration, A-B balance, blood volume & BP via hormones

Answer 38

kidneys

Question 39

diagnostic tests for kidneys (2)

Answer 39

BUN- blood urea nitrogen test creatinine clearance

Question 40

tx process for kidney failure that removes waste, excess Na & fluid by filtering blood (3-5 hr session, 3x/wk) -pts have chest port or AV fistula on arm

Answer 40

hemodialysis

Question 41

bacterial infection of kidneys, bladder or urethra

Answer 41

Urinary Tract Infection

Question 42

s/s: inc. urinary frequency, pain/burning w/ urination, cloudy urine, suprapubic pressure, fever, back pain, fatigue, dec. cognition

Answer 42

Urinary Tract infection

Question 43

damaged cerebral control of bladder d/t diabetes, CVA, infection, nerve damage, hyperactive detrusor mm, dec. bladder capacity

Answer 43

Neurogenic Bladder

Question 44

loss of urine after sudden intense urge to void d/t detrusor mm involuntarily contracting as bladder fills (associated w/ neurological disorders or conditioned reflex)

Answer 44

Urge Urinary Incontinence

Question 45

loss of urine when intra-bladder pressure exceeds urethra's capacity to remain closed d/t urine retention (narrowed/obstructed urethra)

Answer 45

Overflow Urinary Incontinence

Question 46

loss of urine d/t inability or unwillingness to go (decreased mental awareness or mobility)

Answer 46

Functional Incontinence

Question 47

disease in epithelial cells that line bladder causing hematuria, dysuria, nocturia & infection

Answer 47

Bladder Cancer

Question 48

lithotripsy tx used for: (2)

Answer 48

gallstones kidney stones/renal calculi

Question 49

sudden decline in renal function d/t dec. in blood flow from shock, hemorrhage, neoplasm, kidney stones, vascular disorders, CHF s/s: hyperkalemia, sodium retention

Answer 49

Acute Renal Failure

Question 50

progressive deterioration in renal function d/t sever HTN, diabetes, glomerulopathies, interstitial nephritis, polycystic kidney disease

Answer 50

Chronic Renal Failure

Question 51

renal cell carcinoma; can trigger thrombus formation in renal vein

Answer 51

Renal Cancer

Question 52

What system w/ what 2 compartments: regulates emotional behavior, links thoughts & ANS responses

Answer 52

Limbic system hippocampus & amygdala

Question 53

A perception disorder: sensory perceptions that seem real

Answer 53

Hallucinations

Question 54

5 categories of hallucinations

Answer 54

reverse ictal visual auditory smell/taste

Question 55

Perception Disorder: false beliefs persisting as unshakeable, regardless of facts

Answer 55

Delusions

Question 56

5 Types of Neuromediators

Answer 56

Acetylcholine: excitatory/inhibitory (< in Alzheimers) Amino Acids: excitatory/inhibitory (anxiety disorders) Dopamine (overactive- schizophrenia, psychotic disorder) Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (< in depression) Serotonin (< in depression & OCD)

Question 57

which drug side effects: dyskinesias, pseudoparkinsonism, sedation, constipation, dry mouth

Answer 57

antipsychotic medications

Question 58

chronic, debilitating disorder affecting feelings, perceptions, behaviors & thoughts

Answer 58

Schizophrenia

Question 59

s/s: lack of social behavior, little speech, lack of motivation, aptathy, no emotional expression, inappropriate actions, can't enjoy pleasure

Answer 59

Schizophrenia

Question 60

Affective Disorder: alternating periods of depression & mania -LT drug effects of lithium: osteoporosis

Answer 60

Bipolar disorder

Question 61

Affective Disorder: slower mental/physical activity, dec. self-esteem, withdrawal

Answer 61

Depression

Question 62

Affective Disorder: intense fear without a precipitating event w/ subj./obj. manifestations, restlessness, palpitations, inc. HR/BP, sweating

Answer 62

Anxiety Disorder

Question 63

Tx: benzodiazepines (addictive), antidepressants, beta-adrenergic blockers w/ side effects: drowsy, fall risk, anterograde amnesia

Answer 63

for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Question 64

Affective Disorder: repeated thoughts & acts w/ out related environmental conditions

Answer 64

Obsessive Compulsive disorder

Question 65

Affective Disorder: disproportionately excessive fear of objects, occurrences, and situations d/t trauma, observation, conditioning

Answer 65

Phobia disorder

Question 66

Somatoform Disorder: physical complaints of a neurological basis with no anatomical/physio. cause

Answer 66

Conversion disorder

Question 67

Somatoform Disorder: excessive fear of illness; that minor ones are serious/life-threatening

Answer 67

Hypochondriasis Disorder

Question 68

Somatoform Disorder: complains of symptoms with no physiological basis

Answer 68

Somatization Disorder