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PSY 241 > Mod 2: Developmental Theories > Flashcards

Mod 2: Developmental Theories Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Freud assumed Personality developed in…

A

The first few years of life

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2
Q

What was Freud’s profession

A

Doctor in neurology

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3
Q

Id

A

Biologically driven, innate, wants immediate gratification, deepest desires, pleasure principal

infants

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4
Q

Ego

A

First 3 years, rational, seen by others, balance between id and superego, reality principal

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5
Q

Superego

A

around 5, conscience (moral compass), perfection, judgemental

pride or guilt

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6
Q

When Does the Oral Stage Occur?

A

First year of life

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7
Q

Oral Stage Attributes

A

Oral gratification; explore, comfort, stimulation through mouth

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8
Q

Inconsistency or neglect during oral stage results in…

A

Eating, drinking, smoknig, nail biting, compulsive talking

Oral fixation

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9
Q

When does the anal stage occur?

A

Toddlerhood and Potty Training

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10
Q

Anal Stage Attributes

A

Contain urges and actions (self control); development of ego

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11
Q

Anally-retentive

A

Fears letting go, neat, organized, reliable, controlling

Result of controlling caregiver during potty training

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12
Q

Anal-expulsive

A

Messy, irresponsible, disorganized

Result of neglect

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13
Q

When does the phallic stage occur?

A

3-5; preschool

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14
Q

Oedipus complex

A

boy unconsciously desires mother sexually; wishes to replace father but fears castration; strives to be like father

Learns sense of masculinity, feels pressured to conform to societal want

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15
Q

Phallic Male

A

Tries to prove masculinity by seducing women and/or fighting men

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16
Q

Electra Complex

A

girl unconsciously desires father sexually; realizes she cant compete with mother

proposed by Carl Jung

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17
Q

Penis Envy

A

girl feels jealousy because she does not have a penis

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18
Q

Castrating Female

A

Tries to compete with men

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19
Q

Latency Stage Attributes

A

focus on friendships; quieting of biological drives; confidence when making friends

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20
Q

If child is not able to make friends during latency stage

A

shyness or loner into adulthood

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21
Q

What age does the genital stage occur?

A

adolescence into adulthood

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22
Q

Genital Stage Attributes

A

rising hormone levels, sex drives and hunger drives; rely on ego

quieting id with superego can lead to self-consciousness and guilt

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23
Q

Defesne mechanism

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A

Ego uses unconscious strivings to prevent being overwhelmed by anxiety

24
Q

Denial

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A

Not accepting the truth, denying reality

“I don’t have a problem” “It won’t happen to me”

25
Displacement
Taking frustrations out on safer target | Yelling at friend when angry with boss
26
Projection
Person places their own emotions onto others | "I'm not scared, you are!"
27
Rationalization
Cognitive distortion of facts | "It's ok, I didn't want that job anyway" ## Footnote Anna Freud
28
Reaction Formation
Person outwardly opposes inner desire they find unacceptable | closeted person being homophobic
29
Regression
Going back to time where world felt safer | Age regression
30
Repression
Push painful thoughts of out consciousness | "Nope, not gonna think about that"
31
Sublimation
Tranforming unacceptable urges into acceptable ones | "Glowing up" after a break up
32
Psychodynamic perspective
Emphasizes unconscious psychological processes | childhood experiences important in shaping personality
33
Criticisms of Freud's theory
1 - difficult to test scientifically (difficult to prove wrong) 2 - considered sexist (women have inferior position) 3 - too deterministic (left no room for free will)
34
Behavioral perspective
key to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in environment | emerged in 20th century
35
Classical Conditioning
explains: - how responses to one situation attach to new ones - how we develop emtional responsense or reactions to people, events, or situations
36
Pavlov's Experiement
1. ring bell before introducing food (food is unconditioned stimulus; bell is conditioned stimulus) 2. dogs connect bell to food (dogs begin to salivate to sound of bell; conditioned response)
37
Watson believed...
Fears and emotional responses are results of classical conditioning
38
Operant Conditioning
Organisms associate behavior and its consequence
39
Behavior is more likely to be repeated after a...
pleasant consequence
40
Social Cognitive Theory
Learning occurs in a social context | began in 1960s with Albert Bandura
41
Observational Learning Process
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Initiate 4. Motivation
42
Reciporcal Determinism
Interplay betweeen personality and the way we interpret and are influenced by events
43
Theory of Cognitive Development
Theory about the nature and development of human intelligence | Jean Piaget
44
Jean Piaget
One of the first to recognize and map out the ways that children and adult intelligence differ
45
When children are faced with new thing
they may: 1. fit into existing framework (schema) and match it with the known thing (assimilation) 2. Expand framework of knowledge (accomidation)
46
Sensorimotor Stage | Jean Piaget
- Birth - 2 years - Learn about world through senses and motor behavior test if items are edible; shake, bang items to see if they produce sound - 5-8mos: object permanence
47
Preoperational Stage | Jean Piaget
- 2 to 7 years - use symbols to represent words, ideas, and images pretend play - begin using language - egocentricism
48
Children cannot understand ____ or ____ in the preoperational stage
Adult logic; mentally manipulate information
49
Children's logic is based on ____ in the preoperational stage
what they know so far
50
Egocentrism
cannot look from the perspective of others | preoperational stage
51
Concrete Operational Stage | Jean Piaget
- 7 to 11 - logical thinking about real (concrete) events - understand concept of reversibility
52
Formal Operational | Jean Piaget
- 11 to adulthood - deal with abstract ideas and hypotheticals - renewed egocentrism in adolescence
53
Postformal Stage
- proposed by those who criticized Piagets theory - decisions made contextually - logic intertwines with emotion - draw on past experiences to help solve new ones
54
Information-processing approach
humans process the information they recieve - complex behavior can be broken down into steps - cognitive development specific to individual
55
Neo-Piagetian Theories
Cognition is made up of different types of skill Experience plays a huge role in cognitive development

PSY 241 (6 decks)

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