Mod 3: Prenatal Development Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Male Gamete
A
Sperm - produced in testes
2
Q
Female Gamete
A
Ova - stores in ovaries
3
Q
How long does it take the ovum to mova from the fallopian tube to the uterus?
A
3 to 4 days
4
Q
How many sperm are released at ejaculation?
A
Thousands
5
Q
How many sperm makes it to the egg?
A
One
6
Q
How many chromosomes do normal human cells have?
A
46
7
Q
How many chromosomes do gametes have?
A
23
8
Q
Allele
A
Specific version of a gene
9
Q
Genetic variability allows for…
A
Genetic adaptation
10
Q
Phenotype
A
Physical characteristics
11
Q
Genotype
A
Genetic makeup
12
Q
XY
A
Genetically male
13
Q
XX
A
Genetically female
14
Q
Autosome
A
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
15
Q
Mutation
A
Sudden, permanent change in a gene
16
Q
Duplications
A
Portion of chromosome duplicated
Extra genetic material
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A
17
Q
Chromosomal Abnormalities occur when
A
A child inherits too many or not enough chromosomes
18
Q
Most common cause of chromosomal abnormalities
A
Age of mother
19
Q
Chromosomal abnormalities are believed to occur when
A
Ovum is ripening
20
Q
Deletion
A
Portion of the chromosome is mising or deleted
20
Q
Deletion
A
Portion of the chromosome is mising or deleted
21
Q
Hirschhorn syndrome
A
Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4
22
Q
Jacobsen syndrome
A
terminal 11q deletion disorder
23
Q
Translocations
A
portion of one chromosome transfered to another chromosome
24
Inversions
Portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached
25
Insertions
part of chromosome has been deleted from normal place and inserted into another chromosome
26
Rings
portion of chromosome has broken off and formed a circle or ring
27
Isochromosome
formed by mirror image copy of a chromosome segment including the centromere
28
Chromosomal abnormality on #23 is...
sex-linked
XXY, XYY, XXX, XO or 45 or 47 chromosomes
29
Turner's syndrome
Ovum that lacks a chromosome is fertilized by an x-sperm
XO
affects cognitive function and sexual maturity
| 1 in 2,500 live female births
30
What is part of prenatal testing?
Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis
30
What is part of prenatal testing?
Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis
31
Pretnatal screening
Finding problems among a large population
| Affordable and non-invasive
32
Prenatal Diagnosis
Gaining more detailed information once a problem has been found
| more invasive
33
Prenatal Diagnosis has a high...
miscarriage risk
34
The Epigenetic Framework
describes psychologicsl development as a result of bi-directional interchange between nature and nurture
35
Erik Erikson believes that we developed...
Theough personality unfolding in predetermined stages
36
Behavioral Genetics
Science of how genes and environments work together
| Adoption study
37
We can compare ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ twins to analyze nature and nuture
monozygotic; dizygotic
38
Monozygotic
Idential twins, zygote/egg splits apart in first two weeks of development
39
Dizygotic
Fraternal twins, 2 eggs released and fertilized by differeny sperm
40
Placenta
Temporary Organ that connects fetus to uterine wall via umbilical cord
41
Functions of the Placenta
Nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, gas exchange via mother's blood
42
Amniotic sac
Layer of membranes that hold embryo before birth
43
Conjoined Twins
Monozygotic twins whose bodies join together during pregnancy
44
Vanishing Twins
Fetus dies very early in pregnancy and was not detected
| absorbed by other fetus, placenta, or mother, or zygotes fuse after fert
45
Quantitative Genetics
Similarities among people analyzed based on how related they are
46
First Period of Prenatal Developmental
Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)
47
Aspects of Germinal Period
- sperm fertlizies egg and creates zygote
- conception to implantation of zygote in uterine lining
- mitosis
48
Second Period of Prenatal Development
Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)
49
Aspects of Embryonic Period
- embryo: multi-cellular
- Placenta forms
- basic structures develop into head, chest, adbodmen
- move and respond to touch
- 1 in and 4 g
50
Third Period of Prenatal Development
Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40)
51
Aspects of Fetal Stage
- 9 weeks: fetus
- about the size of a kidney bean
52
At 9-12 weeks, sex organs ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
differentiate
53
By 12 weeks, fetus has all ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
body parts; external genetalia
54
At 16 weeks, ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ develop, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ are visible
fingers;toes;fingerprints
55
At 4-6 months, eyes are more sensitive to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ develops, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ system develops
light, hearing, respiratory
56
From week 16 to week 28, the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ in size
brain;doubles
57
At 24 weeks, the fetus can feel ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
pain
58
The age of viability is during
Weeks 22 to 26
59
During months 7 to 9, the fetus ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ for ˍˍˍˍˍˍ
prepares; birth
60
How does the fetus prepare for birth?
- exercise scles
- lungs expand and contract
- fat layers under the skin
- gains 5lbs and 7in
61
At ˍˍˍˍˍ weeks the fetus is almost ready for birth
36
62
At 37 weeks, the organs are developed enough to ________________
survive outside of uterus
63
Teratology
factors that can contribute to birth defects
64
Alcohol consumption can lead to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ difficulties
neurocognitive;behavioral
65
ARND
alcohol-related neurological defects
66
ARBD
alcohol-related birth defects
| kidney, bone, heart problems
67
Nicotine travels through ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
placenta; baby
68
Tobacco causes the baby to experience a reduction in ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
blood oxygen levels
69
ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ more likely to experience damage caused by teratogens
Males
70
Gestational Diabetes
Woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar during pregnancy
71
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Severe and persistent vomiting
-causes dehydration and weightloss
| more severe than normal morning sickness
72
Preeclampsia
Gestational hypertension
73
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Formation of blood clot in a deep vein, common in legs
74
Infections are caused by an increased ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to prevent ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ against fetus
immune tolerance; immune reaction
75
Peripartum Cariomyapathy
Decrease in heart function
Last month to 6 months past pregnancy
76
About ˍˍˍˍˍ women worldwide die from pregnancy or birth related complication a day
830
77
Almost all maternal deaths occur in ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ countries
developing
78
Top cause of maternal morality
Cardiovascular disease
| 15.2%
79
Miscarriages usually happen before the ˍˍˍˍˍ week
12th
80
Grantley Dick-Read suggested that ˍˍˍˍˍˍ of childbirth increases ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ
fear; tension; pain
81
Hypnobirthing suggests that ˍˍˍˍˍˍ would reduce fear, tension, and need for ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
education; medication
82
Hypnobirthing emphasizes use of:
- relaxation
- breathing techniques
- family support
- education
83
The Lamaze Method teaches women how to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ during delivery
be in control
84
The Lamaze Method emphasizes
- muscle relaxation
- breathing through contractions
- having a focal point
- having a support
85
Bradley Method helps women deliver ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
naturally
| little to no medication
86
Bradley Method emphasizes
- relaxation techniques
- nutrition and exercise
- involvement of partner
87
Women who are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ can have successful deliveries under care of nurse midwives
low-risk
88
Women who are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, have other ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ are more likely to do homebirths
over 25; kids; white
89
Women are free to act more ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ in birthing centers
spontaneous
90
The ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ of water can help relieve ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
boyancy; discomfort; pressure
91
Labor pain is caused by
Contractions
92
Epidurals take ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to kick in and can prolong the ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ stages of birth
10-20; first; second
93
The first stage of delivery is usually the
longest
94
The first stage begins with ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ that last about ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and are speced ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ apart
uterine contractions; 30 seconds; 15 to 20 minutes
95
Braxton Hicks
False labor contractions
96
How much does the cervix dilate
10 centimeters
97
The second stage of delivery consists of
The delivery of the baby
98
The baby quickly passes out after
The head and shoulders
99
The baby's ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ out
nose; mouth; suctioned
100
Third stage is..
The delivery of the placenta
| usually within 20 minutes
101
Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale was developed by
T Berry Brazelton
102
Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale assess the baby's
- motor development
- muscle tone
- stress response
103
the APGAR test is taken 1 minute and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ minutes after birth
5
104
What five measures does the apgar test assess
- Appearance (color)
- Pulse (heart rate)
- Grimace (reflex response)
- Activity (muscle tone)
- Respirations
105
What APGAR score is a cause for concern
At or below 5
106
Risks of low birth rate
Difficulty maintaining proper body temperature
Infection
107
What qualifies a child to be born prematurely
Born under 37 weeks
108
Premature birth can be caused by anything that
disrupts mothers system
109
Hypoxia
Deprived of sufficient oxygen
| miild to moderate brain damage
110
Anoxia
Complete lack of oxygen
| severe brain damage
