mod 3 Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
- A variety of human activities is conducted at these points
- There is a continuous need for interaction between locations
- _____? is largely a function of the distance between points or nodes
A
Geographic space consists of nodes, Cost of Interaction
2
Q
Node -> _____ -> _____ -> ______?
A
Routes -> Networks -> Flows
3
Q
- _______ is the starting point and the energy source sustaining and propelling the system
- From _______, developed a sequence of networks, nodes and nodal hierarchies
- _______ is purposive
- Each bit of _______ has specific origin and destination
A
Movement
4
Q
Involves people at certain places interacting with people at other places; Both sources and
sinks of all types of interaction
A
Spatial Interaction
5
Q
Three Categories of Nodes:
- Foundation for the other two types of nodes. The _____? is a node when
receiving or sending something
- Collection of two or more individuals engaged in the supply or demand of any good or service as a specific location. There is inbound and outbound movement.
- Spatially juxtaposed collection of establishments engaged in diverse want satisfying activities for a population
A
- Individual
- Establishment
- Settlement
6
Q
Characteristics of Nodes:
A
- Are interpreted sequentially
- Has specialization
- Is time-bound
- Is either fixed or mobile
- Grows and declines
- Has levels of accessibility
7
Q
Two Basic Characteristics of Nodes:
A
- Functional Specialization of the different types of nodes
- Time discreteness in their functioning
8
Q
- ______? – unskilled workers at the bottom and highly trained professionals at the top
- Rough correlation between an individual’s functional role in society and the degree to which that role depends upon movement.
A
Functional Specialization: Individual, Occupational Pyramid
9
Q
- Pyramid of establishments in which there are numerous low-order business types at the bottom and a few highly specialized ones at the top
- Drugstores, gasoline stations, etc
- National administrative offices
A
Functional Specialization: Establishments
10
Q
- Diversified places provide services whose demand is localized, while highly
specialized ones may provide products or services nationally or internationally - Each has a field or action space where most of its interactions occur
- Size of the fields varies according to the level of specialization of the node
- Not all nodes are fixed in space (e.g. mobile libraries)
- Due to demand accumulation at specific location
- Permanent markets?
A
Functional Specialization: Settlements
11
Q
- Operate according to biological clocks so that some number of hours of sleep is required
- Depends on the nature of work
- Most individuals work during the day, but there are also some who functions at night
- Ability for interaction changes with the life span
- Mean number of contacts
- Activity space/field
A
Time Discreteness: Individual
12
Q
- Operate with specific periodicities
- Some operate around the clock
- Depends on the nature of the establishment
- Interaction with a specific establishment requires the selection of an appropriate time band
- Also have phases of change
- Growth and decline
e.g.: - Grocery store -> supermarket -> shopping center
- Central city business decline because of a number of customers and create
conditions of commercial blight
A
Time Discreteness: Establishment
13
Q
- Compete with one another
- Some gain preeminence as a result of winning combination of locational assets
attracting diverse kinds of economic activities (e.g. Bokhara and Samarkand, Constantinople)
A
Time Discreteness: Settlements
14
Q
Function of Nodes:
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
A
- Origins and destinations of movement
- Relays of Movement
a. Amplify signals
b. Eliminate “noise”
c. Store movement temporarily
15
Q
- One complete interaction consists of an origin, a trip to a destination, and a
transaction at that destination - Individuals
- Establishments (e.g. Coal moves from mines to steel mills –construction beams are shipped from steel mills)
- Amount of movement originated and received by any particular node is related to its size and hierarchical position
- United states personal consumption expenditures (1970) - $615.8 billion
- Associated with an extremely large number of separate interactions
- Such a large number of transactions required a highly complex system of routes and facilities which can be properly articulated only by a series of relay facilities
A
Nodes as Origins and Destinations of Movement
16
Q
- The node is neither the ultimate origin nor the destination of the interactive process
- Important proximate origin or destination
- Primary purpose is to receive flows in order to transmit them to another node with minimum delay or cost
A
Nodes as Relays of Movement
17
Q
- Multiplicity of origins, destinations, routes, modes of movement
- Sophisticated nature of production
- Massive volumes that are transported from node to node
A
Complex Societies
18
Q
- Face to face transactions
A
Simple Societies
19
Q
Relay node enable the articulation of flows through:
A
- Amplification of signals
- Does not involve change in the structural and syntactical sense but only in magnitude
- Estimation or reduction of ‘noise’ or irrelevancies in the incoming information
- Provision of temporary storage
20
Q
- _____? is essential to the completion of spatial interaction
- Neither ultimate origins nor destinations in the ordinary course of events
- Receive information from other nodes, the content of which is not altered in the
transmission process - Transmitting information in its pure form (e.g. Telephone operators; Diplomatic intermediaries; Stock brokers; Translators)
- Nuances are important
§ Language is a sufficient barrier to interaction so that even if face to face
propinquity exists, communication cannot occur without the presence of relay
nodes
A
Individual as Relay Nodes
21
Q
- Transfers not only information but also ____?
- No change in nature of the object being moved as it passes through a relay node
- Difference between a warehouse and a manufacturing plant?
(e.g. Libraries, Employment agencies)
A
Establishments as Relay Nodes, People and Goods
22
Q
- Port cities
- ______ – area from which exports are routed from and to which imports are
destined - Rate differentials between alternative modes have important consequences for the magnitude of both inbound and outbound movement.
- Rational location of relay facilities (Warehouse of transshipment problem)
- Organizing the pattern of location in such a manner as to yield movement
minimization - Given the location of ultimate origins and destinations, specified volumes of
movement between them, cost of movement - Can specify the location, capacity, and intermodal assignment of each relay facility
A
Settlements as Relay Nodes, Hinterland
23
Q
- Assigned the quantity supplied from various locations to that demanded at others
- Flows diagrammed are arbitrary and not necessarily the optimal ones
- Comparison of ______ yields the optimal solution
- Location of relay nodes is a dependent variable in a chronological sense
- Located subsequent to and are dependent upon a previously existing pattern of nodes
A
Settlements as Relay Nodes, Alternative Cost
24
Q
- ______? – identification labels which lack a geographical context in the absence
of locational specification - _______ – no nodal system or interaction
- _____ made up of at least three nodes
- One way to understand relative location of nodes is thru sequencing
§ Alphabetizing distorts spatial order
§ E.g. MRT stations - Identification of the specific location of a node depends on our ability to relate it to two or more other nodes in terms of time, distances, costs, spatial sequence
- Most accessible node is located at the center of the system (isotropic plane)
- All nodes have a level of accessibility which can be measured
A
Locational Characteristics of Nodes, Place Names, Single Node, Systems
25
Concentration of activities in a specific area
Clustered
26
Assumed that any point has had the same chance of occurring on any sub-areas as any other point
- Placement of each point has not been influenced by that of any other point
Random
27
- Maximum spacing between adjacent point resulting in hexagonal lattice network
- Real world example of this is relatively scarce
Uniform
28
Greater volume of interaction in _____ since cost is less
Clustered
29
- Channels along which interaction occurs between any two nodes
- Facilitate the process of interaction
- Can be wandering or fixed
Routes
30
- Locational configuration of a route and its capacity to handle traffic are functions of the characteristics of the environment
- Varying capacities to accommodate movement
- Various phenomena force the location of a particular route along certain trajectories which may be considered as geodesic paths
- Configuration of a route and its capacity to handle movement are interrelated
- Footpath vs highway
Capacity and Location
31
- Maximum number of people that can pass a given location during a given time
period under assumed service levels and conditions of operation, without unreasonable delay, hazard or restriction
- Not precise since capacity is subjective, depends on width, design, etc
- Highway capacity as a function of vehicle size, design speed
- The maximum number of metric tons which can be moved in one direction over a particular route in one hour
Route Capacity
32
- Gap between design capacity & actual traffic leads to____
- Condition on networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speed, longer trip times, and increased queuing
- Traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream
- Occurs when a volume of traffic generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity
- Results from the interplay of traffic demand, physical and operational characteristics of highways, and traffic-influencing events (such as traffic incidents and bad weather
Congestion
33
Measures of Congestion - Direct Measures:
- Hours of delay
- Less space in between cars
34
Measures of Congestion - Indirect Measures:
- Business productivity and output
- Environmental impacts
35
Congestion - Solutions:
* Short-Run
-
*Long-Run
-
-
Short Run:
- Shift in Activity Patterns
Long Run:
- Implementation of Traffic Rules
- Improvement of the Infrastructure
36
- Route between any 2 settlements may have some intervening node
- In the strictest sense, a road between any two nodes is a single route
- Concerned with routes between settlement nodes
- Routes, whether fixed or not, are geodesic paths
* Effort minimization
* Can be circuitous
* Developed vs developing in terms of # of routes and modes
Location of Routes between 2 Nodes
37
Function of Routes:
- Contribution to movement efficiency by structuring flows
- Accommodating of multi-purpose movement
- Maximization of space use
- Identification of portions of space
- Without routes, you must employ trial and error before you reach a certain
destination
- Third world routes accommodate various modes of movement simultaneously
- Functional specialization of route design
38
Impact of Routes:
- Many aspects of human endeavor are related to transport network
- Accessibility of some points is enhanced in contrast to points not located in the
route
- Place to place variations in land values and land uses
39
_______ is enhanced by a formal route
Degree of Accessibility
40
Standard LOS and VCR:
Less than 20 - Free-flow traffic?
A
41
Standard LOS and VCR:
0.21-0.50 - Free-flow traffic?
B
42
Standard LOS and VCR:
0.51-0.70 - Moderate Traffic?
C
43
Standard LOS and VCR:
0.71-0.85 - Moderate/Heavy Traffic?
D
44
Standard LOS and VCR:
0.86-1.00 - Heavy Traffic?
E
45
Standard LOS and VCR:
Stop and Go - Saturation Volume?
F
