Mod 3 - Pathology Of Skeletal System Flashcards by Princy Justin

Ankylosis
Ankyl = crooked , bent, stiff
-osis = abnormal condition or disease

Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease

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Adhesive capsulitis
known as ‘ frozen shoulder’
Capsul= little box
-itis = inflammation

painful ankylosis in the shoulder
caused by adhesions in synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder
makes joint thicker and tighter

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Arthosclerosis

ARTHR/O = joint 
-sclerosis = abnormal hardening

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Bakers cyst

also known as ‘ popliteal cyst’

usually results from conditions like rheumatoid arthritis

- triggering production of excess synovial fluid

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Bursitis

Inflammation of bursa

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Chondromalacia

Chondr/o= cartilage

Abnormal softening of cartilage

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Hallux valgas
known as ‘ bunion ‘

Hallux= Latin for big toe 
Valgus = bent

Enlargement of joint at the base of big toe

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Hemarthrosis

Hem=blood
ARTHR= joint

Blood within a joint
due to joint injury
also caused by blood thinning agents or patients with hemophilia

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Polymyalgia rheumatica 
Poly=many
My=muscle
ALGIA=pain
Rheumatica= Latin word for rheumatism 
-

inflammatory disorder of muscle and joints
pain and stiffness in shoulder , neck, upper arms, hips and thighs

Rheumatism
- obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in joints and supporting tissue

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Sprain

Ligament that connects bone to joint is wrenched or torn

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Synovitis

Synov= synovial membrane

Inflammation on synovial membrane

- can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, irritation produced by damaged cartilage

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Dislocation

also known as ‘luxation’

Subluxation- partial displacement of bone from joint

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Arthritis

ARTHR = joint

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Osteoarthritis

oste=bones

known as wear-and-tear arthritis
associated with aging mostly

Degenerative joint disease
- wearing of the articular cartilage within joints

characterized by hypertrophy of bone
and formation of osteophytes ( bone spurs)

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Spondylosis
known as ‘ spinal osteoarthritis’

Spondyl= vertebrae
Osis= abnormal condition or disease

degenerative disorder

- causes loss of normal spinal structure and function

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Gout

known as ‘ gouty arthritis’

deposits of Uric acid crystals in the joints
usually begins with big toe
causes joints to be warm, red, and sensitive

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Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing= progressive stiffening of joints
Spondyl= vertebrae

form of rheumatid arthritis

- inflammation of joints between the vertebrae

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Spondyloarthropathies

What Types of chronic inflammatory back disorders collectively called ?

Spinal column

Herniated disc

Slipped or ruptured disk

breaking of an intervertebral disk
pressure on spinal nerve roots

Lumbago

Lumb= lumbar
ago= diseased condition

low back pain

- pain in lumbar region of spine

Spondylolisthesis

Spondyl= vertebrae 
listhesis = slipping

forwarding slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below

Spina bifida

Bifida= split

## spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord

Curvatures of the spine

Kyphosis
Kyph= hump

Known as ‘ humpback’ or ‘ dowagers hump’

abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine

Lordosis

Lord= bent backward

known as ‘ swayback’

- abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

3. Scoliosis Scoli= curved

- abnormal sideways ( lateral ) curvature of the spine

Bones ``` Avascular necrosis A= without Vascul = blood vessel Ar = pertaining to Necrosis = tissue death ```

- also known as ‘ osteonecrosis’ - bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow - often happens in hip joint - needs hip replacement

Craniostenosis ``` CRANI/O = skull Stenosis = abnormal narrowing ```

- malformations of skull due to premature closing of the cranial sutures

Osteitis

Bone inflammation

Osteomalacia

- known as ‘adult rickets’ - abnormal softening of bones in adults - caused by VIT D deficiency , calcium and / or phosphate deficiency

Osteomyelitis ``` Oste = bones Myel = bone marrow ```

- inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone | - bacterial infection from another part of body spreads through blood to the bone

Pagets disease

- chronic bone disease - abnormal breakdown of bone - pelvis, skull, spine and legs - new bone is structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak

Periostitis | Peri- outside

- inflammation of periosteum

Rickets

- defective bone growth caused by deficiency of vit D, calcium, phosphate

Talipes

- known as club foot | - congenital deformity of foot involving talus ( ankle bones )

Bone tumors Primary bone cancer

- relatively rare malignant tumor originating in bone Eg Ewings Sarcoma- tumor in bones of upper arm, legs, pelvis or rib

Secondary bone cancer

- tumors that have metastasized ( spread ) to the bones from organs such as breasts and lungs

Myeloma Myel- bone marrow -oma= tumor

- cancer in blood making cells in red bone marrow | -

Osteochondroma OSTE=bone Chondr=cartilage

- benign bony projection covered with cartilage | - also known as exostosis

Osteoporosis OSTE=bone Por= small opening

- loss of bone density - increase in bone porosity - aging

Osteopenia OSTE= bone Penia= deficiency

- lesser than average thickness of bone density - not osteoporosis yet but increased chance of it - calcium deficient

Osteoporosis related fracture

1. Compression fracture - known as vertebral crush fracture - bone is pressed together on itself - caused by spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or injury - causes pain, loss in height , dowagers hump 2. Colle’s fracture - known as fractured wrist - fracture at lower end of radius while falling 3. Osteoporotic hip fracture - known as ‘ broken hip ‘ -

Fractures

1. Green stick ( incomplete ) - bone is bent - partially broken - primarily in children 2. Closed - simple or complete fracture - bone broken - NO skin wound 3. Open - compound fracture - bone broken - skin wound 4. Comminuted fracture - bone is splintered or crushed - comminuted means crushed into small pieces Oblique fracture - happens at an angle to the bone Transverse fracture - straight across the bone Pathologic fracture - weakened bones break u see normal strain - due to osteoporosis or cancer Spiral fracture - bone has been twisted apart - sports injury Stress fracture - overuse injury - small crack from chronic overuse

Additional fracture terms

1. Fat embolus - formed when long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow marrow escapes to blood stream - embolus - any foreign matter in blood that blocks the blood vessel 2. Crepitation - known as crepitus - sound heard when ends of broken bone move together - unusual crackling sound within body - popping or clicking sounds with joint movement Callus - bulging deposit around the area of the break - tissue eventually becomes bone - thickening if skin caused by repeated rubbing

Costochondritis

Inflammation of cartilage that connects to rib