MOD 5 - COURSE 2 - PT 1 - PAIN AND DISTRESS ASSESSMENT Flashcards
(43 cards)
What alters the pain and discomfort experienced by aniamsl
- internal metnal statis - subjective
- influence by emotions
- altered by - anxiety
- memories of prev discomfort
- social rank
- other stimuli
whats a behavioural assessment
- assess change in bahevious to assess pain
- deviation of aniamls normal behaviour
what behaviour of animals can be measured
posture
actions
activity
what levels of details can be llooked at fr ehavioural assessment
- msucle tone
- ontractions
-position - movements of parts of body - movement of whole aniamls
- interaction of aniamls with environemtn and other animals
what should be assessed to evalulate the aniamsl behavioural response to pain or distress
- impact of normal behaviour
- incidence of pain specific behaviour
- evoked behaviour
- behaviour in response to anaglesic treatment
what are some of the main difference of pain on normal behaviour
- gait and locomotion
- patterns of normal behvaiour
how can pain affect gait and locomotion
- pain = modify gait of animal
-locomotion and distance travelled = decreased -(rodents and acute pain) - restlessness can increase
- imobility and increase in sleepiness = general sign in severe cases
- increased moevement = shouldnt be taken as no pain in every situation
what are some patterns of normal behaviour that should be observed
feeding
exploration
- grooming
- nest building
– scoial interactions
- sleep (negatively influence in pain)
how do observation of activit need to references by what understanding factors
- specific specific behaviour
- pain chronicity
- periodicity
- drug treatment
- willingness to demonstarte behaviour with observer
how can feeding bahviours change for pain assessment
- acute and chronic pain - lead to lower body weight gain
how does grooming indicate pain
- non specific indicator - of well being - decrease grooming - abnormal fur or feathe rmaintenance
- pilerection and soiled coat - indicators of generalized illness in rodents
how can social behaviour change in pain and illness
- interaction with cage mate s= decreased
- scoaul isolation - lack of play and sexual activity = evident
what are some catagories of pain specific behaviours
- facial expressions
- vocalisation
- abnormal postures
how might aniamls with pain in head region react with pain specific activities
- twitch ears or shake head
how might aniamls with pain in tail region react with pain specific activities
- truning to tail or scratch tail on floor
how might aniamls with pain in visceral region react with pain specific activities
arching back and stretches
how might aniamls with neuropathic pain conditions react with pain specific activities
excessive grooming, automony of affected body partss
whats the issue with using pain location specific activities to measure if aniaml in pain
- occur too infrequently - to be observed i.e. in nocturnal aniamls
what are the 5 pain expression proposed of indicating pain
- ear position - ears being pulled aprat and back from baseline positions - features verticle ridges - owing to tips of ears being drawn back
-orbital tightening - narrowing of orbital area - tightly closed eyelidor eye squeeze - nose bulge - rounded extension of skin visible on bridge of nose
- cheek bulde - convex appearance of cheek - msucle between eye and whiskers - from baseline position
- whisker direction change - change movemnet of whiskers form baseline either backwars against facr or forwar - standing on end, or clumped togteher
-how can vocalisation by a characterisation of pain
- spontaneous vocalisation - assumed universal pain symptom - can be species specific - even individual characterisitic
- undetectable if noisy
- undetecable - out of human hearing i.e. mouse or rat
what are examples of postures that could indicate pain
- writhing
- hunching
- inability to lie down #- inability to roll into sternal recumbency
- stiffness
- walking on toes
- inability to hold tail up
what postural behaviours = often seen after abdo and thoracic surgery
- increase tone of abdo msucles - splinting, breath holding, shallow respiration
what are specific rat bhaviours after laparotomy in immediate post op period
- twitching of back and flank
- stagger/fall
- back arching and adbominal writhing
whats an evoked behavioural assessment
- aniamls response to standard stimuli - if ill or in pain fail to respons to approach
