Mod 8 - test review

Question 1

Parts of the CNS

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

parts of the PNS

Answer 2

anything outside of the CNS
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- ganglia

Question 3

Functions of the NS

Answer 3

• collect info: sensory
• integrate info
• respond to info: motor

Question 4

sensory nervous sys functions

Answer 4

• transmit info from receptors to the CNS
• somatic and visceral sensory

Question 5

Visceral Sensory

Answer 5

• receive info from viscera
• sensation from organs
• digestive tract
• urinary tract
• reproductive organs
• stretch and temp

Question 6

Somatic Sensory

Answer 6

• receive sensory info from the skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles
• special senses
• receptors for touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, proprioception

Question 7

Function of Motor NS

Answer 7

• send signals from the brain to parts of the body
• innervate muscles to allow movement

Question 8

Autonomic NS

Answer 8

• involuntary
• innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
• divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Question 9

Somatic NS

Answer 9

• voluntary
• innervates skeletal muscles to contract

Question 10

Types of cells in nervous tissues

Answer 10

Neurons
- transmit electrical signals
- excitable

Glia
- supporting cells
- non excitable

Question 11

what is a neuron and its parts?

Answer 11

Neuron = nerve cell
- dendrite: cell receptors, transmit signal to cell body
- soma: cell body, contains nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles
- axon: transmits signals down away from the soma to axon terminals
- myelin: cover axon, propagate signal

Question 12

types of glia cells found in CNS

Answer 12

• microglial: defense/immune
• oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons
• astrocytes: blood brain barrier
• ependymal cells: produce CSF

Question 13

Types of glia cells in PNS

Answer 13

• Schwann cells: myelinate axon
• Satellite cells: surround neuron cell body, found in ganglion

Question 14

what is a nerve?

Answer 14

• collection of parallel axons covered in CT
• can contain myelinated/unmyelinated, sensory/motor axons

Question 15

Epineurium

Answer 15

• surrounds entire nerve

Question 16

Perineurium

Answer 16

• surrounds fascicle

Question 17

Endoneurium

Answer 17

• surrounds axon and myelin sheath

Question 18

Function of the brain

Answer 18

• control heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and maintain homeostasis
• innervation of head, neck, and viscera
• higher level tasks: intelligence, consciousness, memory, emotion, behavior

Question 19

4 parts of the brain

Answer 19

• cerebrum
• diencephalon
• cerebellum
• brainstem: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 20

What and where is the diencephalon

Answer 20

• surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
• contains the 3rd ventricle
• roof: epithalamus
• walls: thalamus
• floor: hypothalamus

Question 21

Function of Thalamus

Answer 21

• forms lateral walls of 3rd ventricle
• any part of the brain that communicates with the cortex must go here first
• filters somatosensory visual and auditory information

Question 22

Functions of hypothalamus

Answer 22

• main visceral control
• autonomic NS
• body temp
• hunger and thirst cues
• sleep-wake cycles
• endocrine sys
• emotional response
• formation of memory

Question 23

Functions of epithalamus

Answer 23

• forms roof of 3rd ventricle
• includes pineal gland: endocrine funct, secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm

Question 24

Gyri vs Sulci

Answer 24

Gyri - ridges - high points Sulci - grooves - valleys

Question 25

Function of the cerebrum

Answer 25

- intelligence, complex thinking - 3 areas: sensory, association, and motor

Question 26

Primary motor cortex

Answer 26

Pre-central gyrus - controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity - includes broca's area

Question 27

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 27

Post-central gyrus - receive info from touch, pressure, vibration, pain, proprioception - enables conscious awareness of senses

Question 28

Auditory cortex

Answer 28

- receive and process auditory info from inner ear - in temporal lobe

Question 29

Visual cortex

Answer 29

- receive visual info from retina - in occipital lobe

Question 30

What is the white matter in the brain?

Answer 30

Corpus Callosum - connects cerebral hemispheres - band of commissural fibers

Question 31

What are the cerebral nuclei

Answer 31

- caudate nuclei - putamen - globus pallidus - amygdala - deep, paired masses of grey matter for motor control - autonomic and reflex centers for survival - start of cranial nerve for innervation of face and head

Question 32

Function of the cerebellum

Answer 32

- fine tune body movements - coordinate body movements - maintain posture - movements planned

Question 33

Limbic System

Answer 33

- involved with emotion and motivation - creating, storing, and retrieving memories - includes: cingulate (emotion), hippocampus (store memory), and amygdala (fear)

Question 34

Layers of meninges

Answer 34

Dura mater - tough mother - outer layer Arachnoid mater - spider like mother - connects dura mater to subarachnoid space Pia mater - tender mother - connects to brain or the spinal cord - blood vessels

Question 35

Dural Venous sinus

Answer 35

- two layers of dura mater - drain blood from brain and into the internal jugular vein - superior sagittal, straight, transverse, sigmoid - confluence of sinuses: all drainage eventually ends here

Question 36

Ventricles of the brain

Answer 36

Lateral - communicate with 3rd ventricle via intraventricular foramen 3rd - drain into 4th via cerebral aqueduct 4th

Question 37

Pathway of CSF in brain

Answer 37

- made in choroid plexus - flows through ventricles - subarachnoid space - absorbed in dural venous sinuses

Question 38

Arteries of cerebral arterial circle

Answer 38

- internal carotid - anterior cerebral - anterior communicating - posterior cerebral - posterior communicating