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Mechanisms of Disease Exam #2 > MOD Etc. I > Flashcards

MOD Etc. I Flashcards

1
Q

When I think of Burkitt lymphoma, I must think of:

A

MYC

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2
Q

La-Fraumeni syndrome is associates with what mutation?

A

p53

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3
Q

Which cancer is associated with an overexpression of BCL2 due to a (14;18) translocation?

A

Follicular B cell leukemia

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4
Q

How do cancers create their own circulation?

A

Hypoxia induces angiogenesis through HIF-a leading to increased VEGF.

VEGF inhibitors can be used to treat some advanced cancers.

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5
Q

HNPCC syndrome

A

Defects in mismatch repair, leading to development of carcinomas of the colon.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma

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6
Q

What gene products can cause genetic instability leading to lymphoid neoplasms? (3)

A

RAG1, RAG2, AID

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7
Q

What is the function of long intervening noncoding RNA (linc-DNA)?

A

They regulate the activity of chromatin by modifying histones and thereby control gene expression.

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8
Q

What are direct carcinogens?

A

They require no metabolic breakdown to become toxic. Most are weak, but some may be omportant because they are cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Those agents can delay recurrence/onset of certain cancers, but lead to a secondary form of cancer, usually acute myeloid leukemia.

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9
Q

Indirect carcinogens

A

Carcinogens that require metabolic breaksdown to become carcinogenic

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10
Q

What is the most common secondary cancer?

A

AML

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11
Q

What breaks down most carcinogens?

A

CYP-450-dependent mono-oxygenases

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12
Q

What does aflatoxin B1 do?

A

It is a chemical carcinogen produced by Aspergillus that can target a hotspot and lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.

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13
Q

What does HTLV-1 infect?

A

CD4+ cells

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14
Q

What are 3 AIDS defining malignancies?

A

Kaposi sarcoma, B cell non Hodgkin lymphoma, cervical cancer

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15
Q

What are the 2 most common EBV associated tumors?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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16
Q

H. pylori can lead to (2):

A

Gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric lymphomas

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17
Q

Cancer cachexia is associated with (3):

A

Equal loss of fat and muscle

Elevated BMR

Systemic inflammation

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18
Q

5 neoplastic syndromes

A 
Endocrinopathies
Hypercalcemia
Neuromyopathic
Acanthosis nigricans
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
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19
Q

Cushing syndrome-type features is associated with which malignancy?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

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20
Q

What malignancy is associated with hypercalcemia?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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21
Q

Migratory thrombophlebitis is associated with which cancers?

A

Carcinomas of pancreas and lung

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22
Q

DIC is associated with which cancer?

A

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

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23
Q

Staging of tumors 0/4 , 0/3, 0/2, T0

A

0/4 tumor
0/3 nodes
0/2 mets
T0 CIS

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24
Q

What are the trends for:

CVD
Cancer
Neonatal diseases
Diarrhea-related disease
HIV/AIDS
A 
CVD - up
Cancer - up
Neonatal diseases - down
Diarrhea-related disease - down
HIV/AIDS - up slightly
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25
4 categories of DZs that are worsening w/ climate change:
CVS/repiratory GI infections/foodborne/waterborne DZs Vector-borne DZs Malnutrition
26
P-450 reaction w/ carbon tetrachloride creates:
Trichloromethyl free radical in the liver
27
Where do particulates larger than 10 um removed from?
The nose or trapped in mucociliary epithelium of the airways.
28
How does CO kill?
CNS depression -> widespreak ischemic changes, primarily at the basal ganglia and lenticular nuclei.
29
Where is Pb found?
Paint Soil Occupational: batteries, pigments, radiators, tin cans
30
Pb poisoning in adults In kids:
Adults: peripheral neuropathies -> wrist drop, then foot drop. Kids: intellectual, behavioral, hyperactivity, poor organization.
31
What can ensue from Pb poisoning at the kidneys?
PCT damage -> interstitial fibrosis and renal failure
32
Where are lead lines found?
At joints and gums
33
Minamata disease
Due to Mg poisoning and leads to cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, MR and CNS damage to kids in utero.
34
What organs does Mg affect?
CNS (developing brain) and kidneys
35
Where is Mg found?
Fish and vapors from dental amalgams
36
Where is arsenic found?
GI NS Skin Heart
37
Where is arsenic found?
Soil and water Wood preservatives Herbicides Herbal meds
38
Where is cadmium toxic? How?
Kidneys and lungs
39
How do the following toxicities occur? Pb Mg Ar Cd
Pb: binds sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes w/ Ca++ metabolism. Mg: sulfhydryl groups. Ar: interferes with cellular metabolism. Cd: increasing ROS
40
Where are chloroform and carbon tetrachloride found?
Degreasing and dry cleaning agents | Paint removers
41
What does acute vs. chronic exposure to chloroform and carbon tetrachloride cause?
Acute: dizziness and confusion -> CNS depression and coma. Chronic: toxic to liver and kidneys.
42
Benzene and 1,3-butadiene increase the risk for:
Acute myeloid leukemia
43
Vinyl chloride word association:
Angiosarcoma of the liver
44
Dioxins and PCBs cause:
Folliculitis and a dermatosis = chloracne (acne, cysts, hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, etc.)
45
How long does the excess risk of smoking exist for after quitting?
30 yrs
46
What is a multiplier of tobacco use? What cancers can occur?
Alcohol. Laryngeal and oral cancers.
47
10x higher incidence of lung carcinomas in which 2 settings with smokers?
Asbestos workers | Uranium miners
48
3 effects of maternal smoking:
Spontaneous abortions Preterm births IUGR
49
Multiplicative effect on MIs when combined with:
Smoking w/ HTN and hypercholesterolemia
50
What leads to the steatosis in alcoholics?
Increased NADH -> increased lactic acid levels
51
Risks associated w/ oral contraceptives (3)
Cervical cancer Venous thrombosis Hepatic adenoma
52
Analgesic neuropathy
HA, dizziness, tinnitus, bleeding, coma from chronic aspirin use.
53
Acetaminophen is usually metabolized to non toxic (95%). What happens in the other 5%?
CYP2E1 -> NAPQ -> protein and lipid damage -> necrosis and liver failure
54
5 determinants of ionizing radiation
``` Rate of delivery Field size Cell proliferation O2 effects and hypoxia Vascular damage ```
55
Curie Gray Sievert
Curie - radiation emitted Gray - energy absorbed Sievert - takes into account the relative biological effectiveness in association w/ Ci and Gy.
56
2 big effects of total body ionizing radiation
Chronic radiation dermatitis | Mediastinal fibrosis after radiotherapy for lung carcinoma
57
Vit A functions: Deficiency syndromes:
Vit A functions: vision, maintenance of epithelia, resistance to infection. Deficiency syndromes: night blindness, squamous metaplasia, vulnerability to infection.
58
Vit D deficiency causes:
Osteomalacia in adults and Rickets in kids
59
Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency syndromes (2)
Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff
60
Niacin deficiency syndrome
Pellegra - dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
61
Vit B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency syndromes (5)
``` Cheilosis Glossitis Dermatitis Peripheral neuropathy Myelination of SC ```
62
Which patients can have a secondary Vit A malabsorption?
Patients with fat malabsorption - celiac, Crohn's, CF, bariatric surgery)
63
Hypocalcemic tetany is a sign of:
Vit D deficiency
64
Features of zinc deficiency
Rashes around eyes, mouth, nose and anus. Anorexia and diarrhea Poor growth Depressed mental function
65
Features of copper deficiency
Muscle weakness Neuro defects Abn collagen cross-linking
66
Features of iron deficiency
Hypochromic microcytic anemia
67
Features of iodine deficiency
Goiter, hypothyroidism
68
Features of fluoride deficiency
Dental caries
69
Features of selenium deficiency
Myopathy | Cardiomyopathy
70
What is pickwickian syndrome?
A hypoventilation syndrome associated with obesity
71
Sources of: Leptin PYY Ghrelin
Leptin - adipose, inhibits hunger signals PYY - intestines, decrease food intake Ghrelin - stomach, stimulates appetite

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #2 (10 decks)

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