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ModC: COOP Flashcards

1
Q

Gout

A

purine

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2
Q

Pseudogout

A

birefringence

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3
Q

Rickets

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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4
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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5
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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6
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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7
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

L
O
S
S

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8
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra

Mx: Levodopa, carbidopa

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9
Q

Essential tremor

A

tremor

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10
Q

Pressure sores

A

Prolonged bed rest

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11
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Commonest form of dementia

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12
Q

Vascular dementia

A

RFs: CVD

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13
Q

Mixed dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

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14
Q

Frontotemporal dementia

A

Behavioural changes

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15
Q

Lewy Body Dementia

A

Within one year of a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis/symptoms

Px: visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition, Parkinsonian features

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16
Q

Apraxic gait

A

broad-based, short steps, tendency to fall backwards

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17
Q

Reversible causes of delirium

A 
PINCH-ME
P = pain
In = infection/intoxication
C = constipation
H = hypoxia/hydration

M = medication/metabolic/MI
E = environment/electrolytes
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18
Q

Frailty

A

Multiple body systems have reduced physiological reserve making patients more vulnerable to sudden health changes triggered by minor stressor events
Typically associated with reduced ability to bounce back to baseline, and sarcopenia (accelerated loss of muscle mass and function)

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19
Q

Cumulative frailty model

A

An accumulation of deficits that occur with ageing which combine to increase the patient’s frailty index (CFS)
The Clinical Frailty Scale is used to measure a patient’s vulnerability to poor outcomes to improve long and short term health management

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20
Q

Frailty syndromes (x5)

A 
Incontinence
Instability
Intellectual decline
Immobility
Iatrogenesis
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21
Q

Vascular parkinsonism

A

Associated with vascular risk factors

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22
Q

Multiple systems atrophy

A

Parkinsonism

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23
Q

Get up and go test

A

Assesses a patient’s mobility and falls risk by determining how long it takes to stand up, walk 3m, turn 180 degrees, walk 3m, and sit down
Score: 1 (normal), 5 (severely abnormal)

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24
Q

BPPV

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Ix: BP, neurological examination, Dix-Hallpike

25
HINTs exam
For persistent vertigo
26
Achalasia
Tx: Heller's myotomy
27
Acute coronary syndrome
Repeat troponin in 6hrs
28
Crescendo TIA
Px is high risk of stroke therefore neurological assessment must be performed within 24hrs of presentation
29
TIA
If TIA > 1 week ago, neurological assessment should be performed within the next 7 days
30
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)
Amyloid deposition causes blood vessel wall weakness Px: slurred speech, disorientated in time and place, increased tone, pyramidal weakness in limbs Ix: CT head (multifocal or lobar haemorrhage)
31
CADASIL
Associated with ischaemic strokes
32
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Associated with ischaemic strokes
33
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma affecting brain
34
Primary CNS lymphoma
Neurological deficits
35
Parkinsonian features
Neuro
36
Dysarthria
Motor speech disorder
37
Dyspepsia
Indigestion (pain or discomfort in upper abdomen after eating)
38
Neutrophilia
Bacterial infection, long-term steroid use
39
Type 2 respiratory failure
Mx: non-invasive ventilation = BiPAP
40
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary (parathyroid tumour) = high PTH, low phosphate, high calcium Secondary (renal abnormality) Tertiary (chronic dialysis) Mx: surgical removal of tumour (primary)
41
Hyperkalaemia
High potassium levels in blood | Px: arrhythmia
42
Hyponatraemia
Low sodium levels in blood | SE of transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) due to de-ionised water in irrigation during procedure - 15% of pts
43
Hyperammonaemia
High levels of ammonia
44
Hypernatraemia
High levels of sodium in blood
45
Hypokalaemia
Low levels of potassium in blood
46
Serotonin toxicity/syndrome
Px: signs of excessive monoaminergic activity e.g., agitated, upper motor neurone signs in arms and leg (clonus), dilated pupils, hypertensive, profuse sweating
47
Biventricular heart failure
1st line mx: high flow oxygen and GTN spray to reduce preload
48
Hypervitaminosis D
Causes: excessive intake, high calcitriol production (high 1-alpha-hydroxylase in kidney e.g., in hyperparathyroidism, extra-renal production of calcitriol e.g., granuloma cells with 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity (seen in sarcoidosis, sarcomas, some lymphomas)
49
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia
Inherited disorder caused by an abnormal set-point for PTH secretion in the calcium sensing receptor (CASR)
50
Nocturnal enuresis
Bed wetting typically seen in children though may be seen in adults indicating pathology Involuntary release of urine during sleep
51
Overflow incontinence
Detrusor underactivity or bladder outlet obstruction results in urinary retention and leakage of urine May feel bladder has not completely emptied
52
Urge incontinence
Involuntary leakage accompanied by, or immediately preceded by, a sudden compelling desire to pass urine which is difficult to defer Associated with overactive bladder syndrome Mx: bladder training
53
Stress incontinence
Urine leaks when coughing or laughing, common in women Mx: optimise BMI, reduce caffeine, reduce fluid intake, smoking cessation, pelvic floor muscle training (8 contractions 3 times a day), duloxetine (moderate to severe)
54
Functional incontinence
Unable to get to the toilet in time | E.g., mobility issues, drowsy due to medication
55
Normovolaemic hyponatraemia
Develops gradually over time e.g., due to medication (like bendroflumethiazide) Mx: stop causative medication Avoid giving 0.9% saline to rapidly correct due to risk of central pontine myelinosis
56
Central pontine myelinosis
May develop from rapid correction of normovolaemic hyponatraemia with 0.9% saline
57
SIADH
Mx: fluid restriction, demeclocycline
58
Hypophosphataemia
Complication of refeeding syndrome
59
Refeeding syndrome
Seen with anorexia nervosa

Y5 (7 decks)

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