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Y5 > ModC: COOP > Flashcards

ModC: COOP Flashcards

1
Q

Gout

A

purine

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2
Q

Pseudogout

A

birefringence

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3
Q

Rickets

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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4
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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5
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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6
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Metabolic Bone Disease

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7
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

L
O
S
S

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8
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of dopamine from the substantia nigra

Mx: Levodopa, carbidopa

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9
Q

Essential tremor

A

tremor

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10
Q

Pressure sores

A

Prolonged bed rest

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11
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Commonest form of dementia

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12
Q

Vascular dementia

A

RFs: CVD

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13
Q

Mixed dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

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14
Q

Frontotemporal dementia

A

Behavioural changes

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15
Q

Lewy Body Dementia

A

Within one year of a Parkinson’s disease diagnosis/symptoms

Px: visual hallucinations, fluctuating cognition, Parkinsonian features

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16
Q

Apraxic gait

A

broad-based, short steps, tendency to fall backwards

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17
Q

Reversible causes of delirium

A 
PINCH-ME
P = pain
In = infection/intoxication
C = constipation
H = hypoxia/hydration
M = medication/metabolic/MI
E = environment/electrolytes
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18
Q

Frailty

A

Multiple body systems have reduced physiological reserve making patients more vulnerable to sudden health changes triggered by minor stressor events
Typically associated with reduced ability to bounce back to baseline, and sarcopenia (accelerated loss of muscle mass and function)

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19
Q

Cumulative frailty model

A

An accumulation of deficits that occur with ageing which combine to increase the patient’s frailty index (CFS)
The Clinical Frailty Scale is used to measure a patient’s vulnerability to poor outcomes to improve long and short term health management

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20
Q

Frailty syndromes (x5)

A 
Incontinence
Instability
Intellectual decline
Immobility
Iatrogenesis
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21
Q

Vascular parkinsonism

A

Associated with vascular risk factors

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22
Q

Multiple systems atrophy

A

Parkinsonism

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23
Q

Get up and go test

A

Assesses a patient’s mobility and falls risk by determining how long it takes to stand up, walk 3m, turn 180 degrees, walk 3m, and sit down
Score: 1 (normal), 5 (severely abnormal)

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24
Q

BPPV

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Ix: BP, neurological examination, Dix-Hallpike

25
Q

HINTs exam

A

For persistent vertigo

26
Q

Achalasia

A

Tx: Heller’s myotomy

27
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

Repeat troponin in 6hrs

28
Q

Crescendo TIA

A

Px is high risk of stroke therefore neurological assessment must be performed within 24hrs of presentation

29
Q

TIA

A

If TIA > 1 week ago, neurological assessment should be performed within the next 7 days

30
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)

A

Amyloid deposition causes blood vessel wall weakness
Px: slurred speech, disorientated in time and place, increased tone, pyramidal weakness in limbs
Ix: CT head (multifocal or lobar haemorrhage)

31
Q

CADASIL

A

Associated with ischaemic strokes

32
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

A

Associated with ischaemic strokes

33
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma affecting brain

34
Q

Primary CNS lymphoma

A

Neurological deficits

35
Q

Parkinsonian features

A

Neuro

36
Q

Dysarthria

A

Motor speech disorder

37
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion (pain or discomfort in upper abdomen after eating)

38
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Bacterial infection, long-term steroid use

39
Q

Type 2 respiratory failure

A

Mx: non-invasive ventilation = BiPAP

40
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary (parathyroid tumour) = high PTH, low phosphate, high calcium
Secondary (renal abnormality)
Tertiary (chronic dialysis)
Mx: surgical removal of tumour (primary)

41
Q

Hyperkalaemia

A

High potassium levels in blood

Px: arrhythmia

42
Q

Hyponatraemia

A

Low sodium levels in blood

SE of transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) due to de-ionised water in irrigation during procedure - 15% of pts

43
Q

Hyperammonaemia

A

High levels of ammonia

44
Q

Hypernatraemia

A

High levels of sodium in blood

45
Q

Hypokalaemia

A

Low levels of potassium in blood

46
Q

Serotonin toxicity/syndrome

A

Px: signs of excessive monoaminergic activity e.g., agitated, upper motor neurone signs in arms and leg (clonus), dilated pupils, hypertensive, profuse sweating

47
Q

Biventricular heart failure

A

1st line mx: high flow oxygen and GTN spray to reduce preload

48
Q

Hypervitaminosis D

A

Causes: excessive intake, high calcitriol production (high 1-alpha-hydroxylase in kidney e.g., in hyperparathyroidism,
extra-renal production of calcitriol e.g., granuloma cells with 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity (seen in sarcoidosis, sarcomas, some lymphomas)

49
Q

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia

A

Inherited disorder caused by an abnormal set-point for PTH secretion in the calcium sensing receptor (CASR)

50
Q

Nocturnal enuresis

A

Bed wetting typically seen in children though may be seen in adults indicating pathology
Involuntary release of urine during sleep

51
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Detrusor underactivity or bladder outlet obstruction results in urinary retention and leakage of urine
May feel bladder has not completely emptied

52
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Involuntary leakage accompanied by, or immediately preceded by, a sudden compelling desire to pass urine which is difficult to defer
Associated with overactive bladder syndrome
Mx: bladder training

53
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Urine leaks when coughing or laughing, common in women
Mx: optimise BMI, reduce caffeine, reduce fluid intake, smoking cessation, pelvic floor muscle training (8 contractions 3 times a day), duloxetine (moderate to severe)

54
Q

Functional incontinence

A

Unable to get to the toilet in time

E.g., mobility issues, drowsy due to medication

55
Q

Normovolaemic hyponatraemia

A

Develops gradually over time e.g., due to medication (like bendroflumethiazide)
Mx: stop causative medication
Avoid giving 0.9% saline to rapidly correct due to risk of central pontine myelinosis

56
Q

Central pontine myelinosis

A

May develop from rapid correction of normovolaemic hyponatraemia with 0.9% saline

57
Q

SIADH

A

Mx: fluid restriction, demeclocycline

58
Q

Hypophosphataemia

A

Complication of refeeding syndrome

59
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A

Seen with anorexia nervosa

Y5 (7 decks)

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