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MODEL ORGANISM Flashcards

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1
Q

Organisms (non-human species) used for the study
of biological processes

A

MODEL ORGANISM

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2
Q

Genes with similar functions in different
organisms tend to be similar or identical
in structure and nucleotide sequence.

A

model organism

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3
Q

model organism Show facts or principles that are relevant to an entire domain of life

true or false

A

true

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4
Q

characteristics of model organism

A

They are often small,
have short generation time,
easy to work with in large numbers
and cheap to maintain,
produce many offspring

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5
Q

model organism are used to study human disease

true or false

A

true

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6
Q

is an example of a prokaryote or bacteria model organism

A

Escherichia coli

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7
Q

is the
classical model of MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A

Escherichia coli

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8
Q

It is used to study transcription, translation,
recombination, DNA repair and gene
regulation

A

Prokaryotes (Bacteria):

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9
Q

bacteria or prokaryotes model organism cell divides every how many minutes?

A

2 minutes

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10
Q

a specific yeast used as a model organism

A

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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11
Q

was the first eukaryote genome to be fully
sequences

A

Yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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12
Q

___ are useful organism for the study of
basic eukaryotic phenomena

A

Yeasts

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13
Q

Cell cycle regulation, metabolism
protein folding, and DNA repair

A

Yeast: Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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14
Q

____ is more related to animals
than plants, they are excellent
model organisms for the study of
human cells

A

Yeast

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15
Q

yeast Chief limitation is the lack of ___

A

distinct tissues

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16
Q

advantages of yeast as a model organism

A
  • Excellent genetics
  • Genes can be easily cloned
  • Genome sequence complete
  • Possess all basic eukaryotic organelles
  • Cell cycle control similar to animals
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17
Q

disadvantage of yeast as a model organism

A

no distinct organism

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18
Q

It was chosen as a model
organisms for its simplicity and experimental
tractability, with the initial interest in the development
of the nervous system

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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19
Q

First multicellular organism with its
complete genome sequenced

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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20
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans’s rapid life cycle

A

3-days from egg to adult

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21
Q

a distinct feature of Caenorhabditis elegans

A

self-fertilizing hermaphrodite.

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22
Q

hermaphrodite means

A

self fertilizing

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23
Q

It has an invariant number of
somatic cells

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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24
Q

Forward and reverse genetic have led to
the molecular identification of many genes
in developmental and cell biological
process

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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25
is where we study the phenotype then finding the genus that is responsible for the particular phenotype
Forward genetics
26
is where we already know the gene and the DNA sequence, but the functions and how it affects the phenotype is not present.
Reversed genetics
27
It is transparent so individual cells are easily visualized
Caenorhabditis elegans
28
Caenorhabditis elegans, In and adult hermaphrodite, there are ___ neurons
302
29
how many percent of C. elegans protein encoding genes have orthologues in the human genome.
38%
30
Caenorhabditis elegans advantage as a model organism
- Excellent genetics - Hermaphrodites - RNAi effective - Genome sequence complete - Few cells: 959 cells, 302 neurons - All cell lineages are known
31
Caenorhabditis elegans disadvantage as model organism
- Limited external morphology - Less similar to human than flies - Some embryological manipulations difficult
32
a specific fruit fly used as a model organism
Drosophila melanogaster
33
is a model used to study several human diseases
Fruit Fly: Drosophila melanogaster
34
Extensively used in biomedical research
fruit fly
35
Mutant genes identified in the __ that produce abnormalities of the nervous system have been found to have human counterparts
fruit fly
36
Utilized for the transfer of mutant human disease genes using recombinant DNA technology
fruit fly
37
The manipulability of its genetic system and its comparable biological complexity to mammals make it a good model organism
fruit fly
38
Provided new insights into cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, behavior, immunity, aging and development
fruit fly
39
fruit fly is used by ____
thomas hunt morgan
40
fruit fly is used by thomas hunt morgan that is related to the theory of __
chromosomal theory of inheritance
41
fruit fly's advantage
- Genome sequence complete - RNAi effective - Fast generation time - Transgenic animals easily generated - Mosaic analysis
42
fruit fly's disadvantage
- Embryological manipulations difficult
43
Vertebrate systems such as the ____ provide an accurate model for human disease conditions
zebrafish
44
what specific zebrafish is used as a model organism
danio rerio
45
Small and cheaper to maintain than mice
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
46
The embryos are nearly transparent which allows the observation of the development of internal structures
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
47
Eggs are fertilized outside the mother’s body, thus useful for studying early development
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
48
Similar genetic structure to humans
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
49
Has the same major organs and tissues as humans
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
50
Their blood, kidneys, and eyes share many features with human systems
Zebrafish (Danio rerio):
51
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)'s advantage
- Simplest vertebrate with good genetics - Easy examination of morphological defects (clear embryos) - Embryological manipulations possible - Organ systems similar to other vertebrates (eyes, heart, blood, GIT) - Rapid vertebrate development
52
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)'s disadvantage
- Cannot easily make transgenic animals
53
a model organism that Contributed to the knowledge of the immune system, virology, cell biology, cancer and genetics
chick embryo
54
a model organism that are used to study development
chick embryo
55
chick embryo is can be used as well in what assay
camp assay
56
Chick Embryo's advantage
-Availability, low cost - Accessibility, outside of mother - Well suited for embryological manipulation - Easily transfected by avian retroviruses
57
Chick Embryo's disadvantage
- Limited genome data at present
58
a model organism Used to study aspects of human biology and medicine
mouse
59
Closest mammalian model organism to humans
mouse
60
The advantage of the mouse system is the ability to make __
targeted gene knockouts
61
___ are usually utilized during reverse genetics and are non-functional
Gene knockouts
62
___was once the animal of choice decades ago but became unpopular because its genome cannot tolerate insertion of foreign DNA near the extent of the mouse genome
Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
63
The strength of using a ___ as a model organism is that it provides an accurate model for disease conditions.
vertebrae
64
mouse's advantage as a model organism
- Mammal with brains similar to human - Reverse genetics - Developmental overview is same for all mammals - Construction of chimeric embryos possible - Availability of material at all stages - Source of primary cells for culture
65
mouse's disadvantage model organism
-Forward genetics difficult - Embryonic manipulations difficult (inside mother) - Development and life cycle relatively slow (months)
66
Arabidopsis thaliana is also known as
thalecress
67
A sophisticated model for the plant kingdom
Arabidopsis thaliana
68
Small size, easy genetics, and with prolific seed production through self pollination
Arabidopsis thaliana
69
a model organism Recognized because of its small genome
Arabidopsis thaliana
70
Arabidopsis thaliana's advantage
- Many diseases, self-reporting mutants - Some good family pedigrees - Genome sequence complete
71
Arabidopsis thaliana's disadvantage
-Fetal material difficult - No experimental access

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