week 2 - intro to cytogenetics

Question 1

refers to the study of the laws of
hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began
with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.

Answer 1

Classical genetics

Question 2

The study of genes in populations
of animals, plants, and microbes provides information
on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and
extents of mixing among different varieties and species,
and methods of adaptation to the environment

Answer 2

Population genetics

Question 3

branch of genetics that studies the
structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies
the number and morphology of the chromosome

Answer 3

Cytogenetics

Question 4

the study of the molecular
structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its
replication), and its influence in determining the overall
makeup of an organism

Answer 4

Molecular genetics

Question 5

he proposed that “HUMORS” served as bearers of
traits

Answer 5

aristotle

Question 6

he proposed the theory of epigenesis

Answer 6

William Harvey

Question 7

states that the fertilized egg
contains a complete miniature adult called a
homunculus

Answer 7

Preformationism

Question 8

what do you call a fertilized egg
contains a complete miniature adult

Answer 8

homunculus

Question 9

A theory where an embryo developed progressively from undifferentiated egg cell

Answer 9

EPIGENESIS

Question 10

a theory stating that all organisms are composed of cell

Answer 10

cell theory

Question 11

a theory saying all living organisms came from non living organisms

Answer 11

Spontaneous Generation

Question 12

he proposed that existing species are those by descent with
modification from ancestral species

Answer 12

CHARLES DARWIN

Question 13

he Formulated the theory of Natural Selection

Answer 13

CHARLES DARWIN

Question 14

formulated the theory of evolution where adaptation in environment is the one we need to survive

Answer 14

CHARLES DARWIN

Question 15

___ states that individuals with heritable
traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are
better able to survive and reproduce than those with less
adaptive traits.

Answer 15

Natural selection

Question 16

he Published a paper describing how traits are passed from
one generation to the other, utilizing a specific plants as
models

Answer 16

GREGOR MENDEL

Question 17

gregor mendels utilize what plant?

Answer 17

pea plants

Question 18

He further concluded that each trait in pea plants is
controlled by a pair of factors (which we now call
genes) and that members of a gene pair separate from each other during gamete
formation (the formation of egg cells and sperm)

Answer 18

gregor mendel

Question 19

Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the
structures called ___

Answer 19

chromosomes

Question 20

the characteristic number of
chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells

Answer 20

Diploid number (2n) – the characteristic number of
chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells

Question 21

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called

Answer 21

homologous chromosomes

Question 22

how many chromosomes do we have?

Answer 22

23 pairs

Question 23

In meiosis, the cells receive only one chromosome from each
chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome
is called the

Answer 23

haploid number (n).

Question 24

In ___, the chromosomes are copied and distributed to
each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of
chromosomes.

Answer 24

mitosis

Question 25

Finally, the chromosomal theory of inheritance states that “___ are controlled by ____ residing on ___ faithfully transmitted through __ , maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.”

Answer 25

inherited traits; genes; chromosomes; gametes;

Question 26

Scientists tried to identify which component of the chromosomes carries genetic inform, which found out that it's the

Answer 26

DNA

Question 27

The major chemical component chromosomes were ___ and ___

Answer 27

DNA and proteins.

Question 28

is a long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to form a double helix

Answer 28

DNA

Question 29

Each strand of the molecule is made up of ____

Answer 29

nucleotide

Question 30

The four types of nucleotides found in DNA are: ___

Answer 30

A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), T (thymine)

Question 31

nucleotides is composed of 3 groups

Answer 31

phosphate group sugar group nitrogenous base/group

Question 32

In DNA, adenine is always paired with?

Answer 32

Thymine

Question 33

a=t and c=g is always paired with each other that's why they are called

Answer 33

complementary base pair

Question 34

The ___ are exact complements of each other, so that the double helix consist of A=T and G=C base pairs.

Answer 34

DNA ladder

Question 35

The ___ is also made up of nucleotides but contains a different sugar than DNA

Answer 35

RNA

Question 36

It is a single-stranded molecule that contains uracil (U) in place of thymine.

Answer 36

RNA

Question 37

The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to form a functional gene product, which in most cases, a ____

Answer 37

protein

Question 38

In eukaryotic cells, the process begin in the nucleus with ___.

Answer 38

transcription

Question 39

After the transcription process, the mRNA produced then moves to the cytoplasm and migrates to the ___.

Answer 39

ribosomes

Question 40

The synthesis of protein under the direction of the mRNA is called ___.

Answer 40

translation

Question 41

Information encoded in mRNA (the genetic code) consists of linear series of nucleotide triplets (_____).

Answer 41

codon

Question 42

Each codon is complementary to the information stored in DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific ___ into a protein.

Answer 42

amino acid

Question 43

Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of ___.

Answer 43

tRNAs

Question 44

it perform diverse biological functions

Answer 44

Proteins

Question 45

____, the largest category of proteins, serve as biological catalysts

Answer 45

Enzymes

Question 46

in a discussion, what protein take part in muscle?

Answer 46

actin and myosin

Question 47

in the discussion, what protein is associated with the connective tissue

Answer 47

collagen

Question 48

explain how protein shape and chemical behaviour are determined?

Answer 48

A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are determined by its linear sequence of amino acids, which in turn is dictated by the stored information in the DNA of a gene that is transferred to RNA, which then directs the protein’s synthesis.

Question 49

Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing a ___.

Answer 49

phenotype

Question 50

When mutation alters a gene, it may modify or even eliminate the encoded protein’s usual function and cause an ___.

Answer 50

altered phenotype

Question 51

a technology or a process wherein Researchers discovered restriction enzymes that could be used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a reproducible set of DNA fragments.

Answer 51

RECOMBINAT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Question 52

Soon researchers discovered ways on how to insert the DNA fragments into carrier DNA molecules (___) to form ____.

Answer 52

vectors; recombinant DNA molecules

Question 53

after inserting the dna fragments to the carrier DNA molecules, it will then be transferred into __

Answer 53

bacterial cells

Question 54

The recombinant DNA will be transferred into bacterial cells to produce thousand of copies, or called ___.

Answer 54

clones

Question 55

what is the one that the researchers can use to cut any organism's dna at a specific nucleotide?

Answer 55

restriction enzyme

Question 56

examples of recombinant dna are

Answer 56

gmo - genetically modified organism vaccine

Question 57

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products is

Answer 57

biotechnology

Question 58

example of hereditary disorders that can be detected by the biotech

Answer 58

spinal muscular atrophy and cystic fibrosis

Question 59

study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes

Answer 59

Genomics

Question 60

identifies the et of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions

Answer 60

Proteomics

Question 61

subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics

Answer 61

Bioinformatics

Question 62

what is the model organism used in plants?

Answer 62

fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Question 63

what is the model organism used in animals?

Answer 63

mouse (Mus musculus)

Question 64

what are the reason for using small number of organism?

Answer 64

(1) genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms (2) these organisms had characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research. They were easy to grow, had relatively SHORT LIFE cycles, produced MANY OFFSPRINGS , and their genetic analysis was fairly STRAIGHT FORWARD.

Question 65

disadvantage of biotechnology

Answer 65

There are many genetics related issues, including concerns about prenatal testing, genetic discrimination, ownership of genes, access to and safety of gene therapy, and genetic privacy.

Question 66

advantage of biotechnology

Answer 66

Genetics and its applications in biotechnology are developing much faster than the social conventions, public policies, and laws required to regulate their