models

Question 1

biological model

Answer 1

examine biological basis for thoughts, behaviors and emotions

Question 2

what causes dysfunction according to the biological model?

Answer 2

brain dysfunction due to brain anatomy, chemistry and circuitry, or peripheral physical illness

Question 3

what are the sources of abnormality according to the biological model?

Answer 3

1. genetics
2. diathesis-stress model
3. viral infections

Question 4

epigenetics

Answer 4

underlying vulnerabilities and inherited tendencies to develop certain characteristics upon interaction with environmental stressors

Question 5

biological treatments

Answer 5

• psychotropic medication
• brain stimulation
• neurosurgery

Question 6

evaluation of biological model

Answer 6

• strong research support
• meds have side effects
• ignores other possible influences besides biology

Question 7

psychodynamic model

Answer 7

behavior, thoughts and emotions are driven by unconscious psychological forces

Question 8

what causes dysfunction according to the psychodynamic model?

Answer 8

1. early experiences
2. conflicts between forces and drives
3. problems with defense mechanisms
4. fixation (stuck in developmental stage)

Question 9

defense mechanisms

Answer 9

1. repression
2. denial
3. projection
4. reaction formation
5. displacement
6. regression
7. sublimation
8. rationalization
9. intellectualization

Question 10

repression

Answer 10

move out of consciousness, typically in response to internal threats

Question 11

denial

Answer 11

refuse to accept truth of reality or acknowledge external source of distress, typically in response to external threats

Question 12

projection

Answer 12

projecting one’s own insecurities and distress onto others

Question 13

reaction formation

Answer 13

crusade against internal urges that they have trouble controlling themselves

Question 14

displacement

Answer 14

displace negative emotions from one object to something else

Question 15

regression

Answer 15

revert back to childlike emotional states

Question 16

sublimation

Answer 16

convert unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors

Question 17

rationalization

Answer 17

come up with socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable failures

Question 18

intellectualization

Answer 18

neutralize unpleasant feelings by creating emotional detachment to it

Question 19

psychodynamic therapy techniques

Answer 19

• free association
• interpretations (resistance, transference)
• catharsis
• dream analysis

Question 20

behavioral model

Answer 20

behavior is shaped by experiences

Question 21

what causes dysfunction according to the behavioral model?

Answer 21

operant and classical conditioning produces behaviors that are maladaptive

Question 22

operant conditioning

Answer 22

reinforcements/rewards shape behavior, punishments decrease likelihood of behavior
positive = adding stimulus
negative = removing stimulus

Question 23

modeling

Answer 23

learn by observing others’ behavior and imitating it if it results in a positive consequence

Question 24

classical conditioning

Answer 24

two events that occur closely together are associated, reacting to one as if the other were happening

Question 25

extinction

Answer 25

gradual weakening of conditioned response to results in behavior disappearing entirely

Question 26

cognitive model

Answer 26

assumptions, attitudes, and interpretations of events influence people's perceptions and conclusions

Question 27

what causes dysfunction according to the cognitive model?

Answer 27

maladaptive cognitive patterns lead to misinterpretations of events, distress, or other maladaptive behaviors

Question 28

humanists believe...

Answer 28

people are driven to self actualize (fulfill natural tendency to be friendly & experience personal growth)

Question 29

existentialists believe...

Answer 29

people must have authentic lives to function well

Question 30

what causes dysfunction according to the humanist model?

Answer 30

if one does not self-actualize or pursue self-satisfying goals, attributed to self-regard that is especially influenced by parents

Question 31

Roger's client-centered therapy

Answer 31

unconditional supportive environment to help clients view themselves honestly and accept self

Question 32

Gestalt therapy

Answer 32

guide clients to self-recognition and self-acceptance through skillful frustration and roleplaying

Question 33

what causes dysfunction according to the existential model?

Answer 33

being inauthentic, and failing to realize responsibility that gives life meaning

Question 34

existentialist therapy

Answer 34

focus on therapist-client relationship, help client reflect on life and choose to live more meaningfully

Question 35

evaluation of behavioral model

Answer 35

good empirical evidence for treatment unclear whether symptoms are truly acquired from conditioning/modeling leaves out cognitive aspect (anticipation and interpretation of situations)

Question 36

evaluation of humanistic-existential model

Answer 36

broadly appealing, focuses on areas missing in other models