modern genetics

Question 1

allele

Answer 1

Makeup genes and are used to help determine the child’s traits

Question 2

genotype

Answer 2

alleles by the offspring

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

physical appearance of the trait

Question 4

homozygous

Answer 4

one type of allele

Question 5

heterozygous

Answer 5

more that one type of allele

Question 6

genotypic ratio

Answer 6

chances of having a particular combination of alleles

Question 7

phenotypic ratio

Answer 7

chance of showing a particular form of a trait

Question 8

Punnett square

Answer 8

a square divided into 4+ squares to show the chances of the child having certain trait(s)

Question 9

pedigree

Answer 9

a chart, like a family tree, that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

Question 10

karyotype

Answer 10

a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell

Question 11

genetic counselor

Answer 11

a person who helps couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder. they can use karyotypes, pedigrees, and Punnett squares

Question 12

sex-linked

Answer 12

something that is connected to the sex chromosome

Question 13

genetic disorders

Answer 13

disorders that are found within the family and are not spreadable

Question 14

nucleus

Answer 14

contains nucleic acids and function throughout the cell

Question 15

nucleic acid

Answer 15

inside the nucleus, DNA is genetic material passed from parent to offspring

Question 16

nuclear membrane

Answer 16

the wall around the nucleus that separates it from the cytoplasm

Question 17

ribosome

Answer 17

they provide the materials for function, repair, and communication for the cell; they make the protein

Question 18

selective breeding

Answer 18

when we choose traits desireable to our needs, even at the expense of naturally occuring characteristics

Question 19

inbreeding

Answer 19

mating between closely related organisms increases the probability of inheriting desired traits

Question 20

hybridization

Answer 20

mating between unrelated organisms increases the probability of inheriting desired traits

Question 21

cloning

Answer 21

involves transplanting the nucleus of one plant/animal cell and growing a new individual from. this new individual will then have the exact same genome as the source organism

Question 22

genetic engineering 1

Answer 22

scientists remove plasmids, small strings of DNA, from bacterial cells

Question 23

genetic engineering 2

Answer 23

an enzyme cuts open the plasmid DNA. the same enzyme removes the human insulin gene from its chromosome

Question 24

genetic engineering 3

Answer 24

the human insulin gene attaches to the open ends of a plasmid to form a closed ring

Question 25

genetic engineering 4

Answer 25

some bacterial cells take up the plasmids that have the insulin gene

Question 26

genetic engineering 5

Answer 26

when the cells reproduce, the new cells will contain copies of the "engineered" plasmid. the foreign gene directs the cell to produce human insulin