Modified Study EXAM 3

Question 1

Transcription Factors and Activators

What do they do and why are they needed

Answer 1

Transcription factors are made of proteins that bind to DNA at the promotor to help guide RNA polymerase so that transcription can occur
Activators can increase the speed of transcription

These are needed to speed up transcription. Without them, and with billions of cells this process could take a long time. With these factors it takes about 8 hours

Question 2

How is mRNA translation regulated

Answer 2

For translation to begin, the ribosome, an RNA-and-protein complex that houses translation must assemble on the mRNA (with the help of “helper” proteins)

Question 3

Regulation on a protein level

Answer 3

“edits” such as removal of amino acids or chemical modification is needed for the protein to become active (can also change activity and behavior)

Question 4

How do signals from other cells regulate gene expression

Answer 4

During development, signals determine what a cell becomes. Then they help coordinate growth and daily functions

Question 5

What is electrophoresis

Answer 5

Electric charge that separates DNA segments by size. Smaller = more movement

Question 6

Steps of Genetic Engineering

Answer 6

Recombinant DNA contains DNA from 2 or more organisms

A vector is used to carry foreign DNA
Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sites to create sticky ends
DNA ligase is used to join pieces of DNA together

Question 7

Commonly used Vector?

Answer 7

Bacterial Plasmid

Question 8

Steps of Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 8

Denaturation
Annealing
Extension

Question 9

What is Denaturation in the Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 9

DNA is heated so it becomes single stranded

Question 10

What is Annealing in the polymerase chain reaction

Answer 10

Nucleotide primer hybridizes to each of the single DNA strands

Question 11

What is Extension in the polymerase chain reaction

Answer 11

DNA polymerase adds complimentary bases to each of the single DNA strands

Question 12

What is the point of the Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 12

To create billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a short amount of time

Question 13

What is a transgenic organism

Answer 13

An organism that has had a gene from another species inserted into its genome

They can produce biotech products such as insulin and vaccinations

Question 14

Genomics

Answer 14

The study of an entire set of DNA sequences in an organism

Question 15

Proteonomics

Answer 15

The study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and how they interact to produce traits

Question 16

Bioinformatics

Answer 16

The use of technology to study the genome and proteome

Question 17

Who influenced Darwin

Answer 17

Cuvier
Malthus
Lyell
Lamarck
Wallace

Question 18

How did Malthus influence Darwin

Answer 18

He proposed that populations grow faster than the resources they depend on which causes the weakest members to get killed off

Question 19

How did Lyell influence Darwin

Answer 19

He proposed that geological processes have gradually shaped earths surface, proposing that the earth must be far older than originally thought

Question 20

How did Lamarck influence Darwin

Answer 20

Proposed species change over time by inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 21

How did Wallace influence Darwin

Answer 21

Confirmed Darwins ideas on evolution

Question 22

How did Cuvier influence Darwin

Answer 22

Cuvier indicated that evolution only happens after a catastrophic event. Mass extinction occurs in one area and creatures from surrounding areas move into that area

Question 23

Darwins conclusions

Answer 23

Common Decent
Gradualism
Population Speciation
Natural Selection

Question 24

Common Decent Conclusion

Answer 24

All diversity on earth emerged out of the evolution from one or a few common ancestors

Question 25

Gradualism Conclusion

Answer 25

Evolution is a slow process and the world is much older than previously thought

Question 26

Population Speciation Conclusion

Answer 26

Change in a species occurs as hereditary characteristics shift

Question 27

Natural Selection Conclusion

Answer 27

Competition is a reason a species may succeed or not. They must be able to adapt to the environment and the strongest will reproduce more

Question 28

Lamarck vs Darwin

Answer 28

Lamarck proposed that changes occured in a species from acquired traits Darwin proposed that changes occured in a species due to no will of their own and natural selection DARWIN IS SUPPORTED BY GENETICS

Question 29

What does Natural Selection Require

Answer 29

Inheritance Variation Degreed of successful reproduction

Question 30

Types of Selections

Answer 30

Directional Stabilizing Disruptive

Question 31

Directional Selection

Answer 31

This occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored. This leads to a dramatic shift in phenotypes. EX: Giraffes necks getting longer to reach the trees

Question 32

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 32

This occurs when an intermediate or average phenotype is favored. EX: Starlings produce 4-5 eggs due to it having the best survival rate for the young

Question 33

Disruptive Selection

Answer 33

This occurs when 2 phenotypes are favored. This can ultimately lead to speciation. EX: British land snail come in two shell colors. The light shells get eaten in the forest and the dark shells get eaten in the fields.

Question 34

Microevolution

Answer 34

Changes that happen within a species from generation to generation

Question 35

5 Causes of Microevolution

Answer 35

``` Gene Flow Genetic Mutation Non-Random Mating Genetic Drift Natural Selection ```

Question 36

What is Gene Flow

Answer 36

The migration of breeding individuals causing a movement of alleles among populations

Question 37

What is Genetic Mutation

Answer 37

Ultimate source for new allele variation

Question 38

What is Non-Random Mating

Answer 38

Selection of a Mate due to phenotype not chance

Question 39

What is Genetic Drift

Answer 39

Changes in the allele frequencies due to chance

Question 40

Assumptions of Hardy Weinberg

Answer 40

``` No mutations No genetic Drift A closed population Random Mating Patterns No Natural selection ```

Question 41

Macroevolution

Answer 41

Evolution on a large scale, within a species over a long period of time. This can result in speciation

Question 42

What is a species

Answer 42

Individuals that interbreed, have a shared gene pool, and are re productively isolated from other species

Question 43

How are new species produced

Answer 43

Usually species are produced by the splitting of a single species (speciation)

Question 44

Linnean Classification

Answer 44

``` 8 Taxa Binomial system (Genus and a specific epithet) ```

Question 45

Cladistic Classification

Answer 45

Graph that is used to trace evolutionary history by using shared traits that derive from a common ancestor

Question 46

Data in a phylogenetic Tree

Answer 46

A tree that indicated common ancestors and lines of decent. | The common ancestor at the bottom of the tree has traits shared by all other organisms in the tree

Question 47

What is a homologous structure

Answer 47

Anatomically similar structures that are explainable from a common ancestor

Question 48

What is an anatomical structure

Answer 48

Structures that serve the same purpose but are not constructed similarly (Bird and insect wings)

Question 49

What is a vestigial structure

Answer 49

Anatomical features that are developed in one group of organisms but non functional and reduced in another similar group Evidence of evolution

Question 50

How does molecular evidence support evolution

Answer 50

Scientists can compare the amino acid sequence in proteins to determine the degree to which any two groups of organisms are related

Question 51

Major structural differences between humans and chimpanzees

Answer 51

CHIMPS: Sagittal crest, Potruding maxilla and mandible, Large canines HUMANS, smaller canines, Foramen magnum underneath skull, no sagittal crest, flatter supraorbital crest

Question 52

How hominids evolved over time

Answer 52

Lost sagittal crest. Suprorbital ridge became smaller, frontal bone became rounder, canines became less shapr