Modul 3 Lecture 3

Question 1

___________ is a muscle movement
regulatory component of the central nervous
system

Answer 1

The basal ganglia

Question 2

muscle can do

Answer 2

one thing at a time

Question 3

Basal Ganglia
Has two core missions:
_________
__________

Answer 3

– Operational learning

– Action selection

Question 4

________________
• All movements except for eye movement
• Basal ganglia receives information from other
areas in the cortex

Answer 4

Skeletal Motor Loop

Question 5

• Basal ganglia receives information from _________

Answer 5

other

areas in the cortex

Question 6

Basal ganglia facilitates movement by

Answer 6

focusing activity

Question 7

Inputs to the Basal Ganglia
• Inputs from_________ shows somatotopy that
correlates with the cortex
• The medium spiny neurons project to the
___________________

Answer 7

the cortex

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 8

The striatum receives glutamatergic inputs from ____________________

Answer 8

most of cortex.

Question 9

The Striatum receives all inputs.
Functionally related cortical areas
project to _________________

Answer 9

overlapping area of the

Striatum.

Question 10

_____________ that are not functionally linked project to

different regions of the Striatum.

Answer 10

Cortical areas

Question 11

Individual cortical cells project to
more than one \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ This
divergence may occur because
single cortical neuron can be
involved in more than one motor
function.

Answer 11

Striatal area.

Question 12

Cortical areas that are not

functionally linked project to

Answer 12

different regions of the Striatum.

Question 13

Inputs to Caudate, Receives cortical projections from multimodal association area and from ________

Answer 13

frontal lobe eye movement area

Question 14

Putamen
• Receives inputs from _________________ ___________________ in the
parietal lobe,

_____________ in the
occipital and temporal lobe,

_____________ from the frontal lobe, and

________________from the temporal lobes

Answer 14

the primary and
secondary somatic sensory cortices

the visual cortices

the premotor and
motor cortices

the premotor and
motor cortices

Question 15

Three Major Pathways to Basal

Ganglia

Answer 15

• Direct pathway
• Indirect pathway
• Hyperdirect pathway

Question 16

Direct pathway
• Inputs from the cortical areas excite cells in the
putamen which makes inhibitory synapse _________________ which in turn makes inhibitory
______________

Answer 16

to the
globus pallidus,

synapses with the VLo

Question 17

• The VLo connections to the SMA cortex _________________

Answer 17

are

excitatory

Question 18

• This allows the basal ganglia to enhance _______________
• Cortical activation of the putamen leads to
___________________

Answer 18

the initiation of desired movements

excitation of the SMA

Question 19

Hyperdirect Pathway
____________
• The STN receives excitatory inputs from the
cortex, which in turn excites the GPi, leading
to________________

Answer 19

• Myelinated

thalamus inhibition

Question 20

Whereas activation of the direct pathway by
the cortex tends________the thalamus,
activation of the indirect pathway by the
cortex tends to__________t the thalamus

Answer 20

to facilitate

inhibit

Question 21

• The direct pathway may help to _________________while
the indirect pathway
simultaneously ____________

Answer 21

select certain motor actions

suppresses competing and inappropriate motor programs

Question 22

Cells of the SN form dopaminergic synapses
• Though small pool of neurons, it exerts a
profound effect over the integration of the
cortical inputs in_________________

Answer 22

the corpus striatum

Question 23

• SNc sends dopaminergic projections to the

______________________

Answer 23

medium spiny neurons

Question 24

________ increases the
direct pathway, leading to
more movement.

Answer 24

DA (D1)

Question 25

``` _______________ decreases the indirect pathway that normally inhibits movement, leading to more movement. ```

Answer 25

DA (D2)

Question 26

Neurons of the SNc

Answer 26

* Some neurons are tonic | * Some neurons are phasic

Question 27

Dopamine | • DA is a __________ NOT transmitter

Answer 27

modulator,

Question 28

– It doesn't directly allow ions to enter through it | but, rather, _______________

Answer 28

modulates other ion channels that do

Question 29

• DA has many metabotropic receptors with | two important ones expressed on___________________

Answer 29

striatal | medium spiny neurons

Question 30

The effect of dopamine is complex – DA acts differently, depending on the type of _________________

Answer 30

receptors on the postsynaptic neurons

Question 31

• DA is excitatory on the striatum that synapse on GPi in ____________ • DA is inhibitory on the striatum that synapse on GPe in ________________________

Answer 31

the direct pathway (D1) the indirect pathway (D2

Question 32

DA receptors are G Protein coupled receptor | • D1 increases cAMP and therefore

Answer 32

increases the excitatory inputs from the cortex

Question 33

• D2 decreases cAMP and therefore

Answer 33

decreases | the excitatory inputs from the cortex

Question 34

Increased inhibition to the thalamus leads to ___________ • Decreased inhibition to the thalamus leads to _____________

Answer 34

hypokinesia hyperkinesia

Question 35

``` ______________ • Affects 1% of all people over the age of 60 • No known single cause • Characterized by slowness in movements (bradykinesia) – Festinating gait – Masked face – Change in voice pitch – Resting tremors • Difficulty in initiating movement (akinesia) • Increased muscle tone (rigidity) • Difficulty in cognition • Loss of movement “grouping” ``` Due to degeneration of neurons in the SN – Symptoms arise when 80% of the dopaminergic neurons in the SN have degenerated • In 1976 and 1982, drug abusers developed Parkinson’s symptoms due to to usage of synthetic opioid that contained MPTP • MPTP kills dopaminergic neurons • Converted to MPP, it is taken inside the cells via the DA transporters • MPP affects the mitochondria function • Depleted of ATP, the neurons die

Answer 35

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 36

Parkinson’s Disease • The action of DA is complex – DA released from the SN excites the putamen neurons of the direct pathway, releasing _____________

Answer 36

the | inhibition of the thalamus

Question 37

The depletion of DA will have the opposite effect of the VLo – DA released from the SN inhibits the neurons of the indirect pathway that send ________________ • The depletion of the DA will have the opposite effects

Answer 37

inhibitory inputs to | the GPe

Question 38

Parkinson’s Disease Treatment • Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) to convert ________________________ __________________________ – L Dopa treatment (can cross the BBB) • Honeymoon stage

Answer 38

tyrosine to Dopa which is then | converted to dopamine

Question 39

Parkinson’s Disease Treatment

Answer 39

• Deep Brain Stimulation of STN or deep pallidum – Side effects • Done with giving L Dopa

Question 40

``` ____________ • Hereditary, progressive, and fatal • Characterized by hyperkinesia and dyskinesia (abnormal movements), dementia, and a disorder of personality • Rare (5-10 people in 100,000) ``` Due to loss of neurons in the striatum that inhibit the GPe – GPe is always active, STN is always inhibited, Gpi is always inhibited – As a results there is a loss of inhibition to the thalamus – thalamus is active

Answer 40

Huntington's Disease

Question 41

________ • The disease is particularly insidious because its symptoms usually do not appear until well into adulthood • In the past, patients often unwittingly passed the gene on to their children before they knew they had the disease • It is now possible to perform a genetic test that reveals whether a person carries the Huntington gene • People with Huntington’s disease exhibit changes in mood, personality, and memory

Answer 41

Huntington's Disease