Module 1

Question 1

Biochemistry is

Answer 1

Study of life at molecular level
Application of the principles of Chemistry to explain biology
Common sets of reactions and principles that underlie all living organisms
Study of molecular logic of life

Question 2

All organisms use

Answer 2

Building Blocks to create common categories of biomolecules

Question 3

Foundations of life

Answer 3

Chemical
Energy
Genetic
Evolutionary

Question 4

Chemical Foundations

Answer 4

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
nitrogen

Question 5

All life forms are composed of

Answer 5

Carbon

Question 6

What is the limiting regnant of the biosphere

Answer 6

Nitrogen because its availability limits growth of plants, limiting the amount of food we produce

Question 7

Why is all life carbon based

Answer 7

It is extremely versatile in terms of the number and variety of chemical bonds that it can form.
Enables creation of a wide array of complex molecules

Question 8

Why is carbon better than silicon

Answer 8

Carbon - Carbon bonds are stronger than silicon to silicon bonds (Carbons are more stable)
More energy released on combustion of carbon to carbon bonds (More energy from carbon based nutrients)
Combustion products of carbon (CO2) are more soluble and recyclable

Question 9

For all biomolecules structure dictates?

Answer 9

Function

Question 10

Conformation

Answer 10

Flexible spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule (Can be changed without breaking bonds)

Question 11

Configuration

Answer 11

Fixed Spatial arrangement of atoms within a molecule (Cannot be changed without breaking covalent bonds)

Question 12

Types of Configuration

Answer 12

Double Bonds
Chiral Centers

Question 13

Geocentric (cis-trans) Isomers

Answer 13

Have the same chemical formula but differ in the configuration of groups with respect to a non - rotating double bond

Question 14

Cis

Answer 14

on this side (On the same side)

Question 15

Trans

Answer 15

Across (Groups of opposite sides)

Question 16

Chiral Carbon

Answer 16

Has four different substituents attached
These groups may be arranged in different ways in space yielding two stereoisomers in their configuration

Question 17

Construction

Answer 17

Biomolecules often constructed exclusively from one stereoisomer. For Example: Proteins are built entirely from L- Amino Acids

Question 18

Interactions

Answer 18

Interactions between biomolecules, as well as between biomolecules and small molecules are stereospecific

Question 19

Advantages of creating biomolecules are polymers

Answer 19

Simplicity, Recycling Diversity

Question 20

Simplicity

Answer 20

Simple and conserved reactions for synthesis and degradation

Question 21

Recycling

Answer 21

Biomolecules can be digested back to component building blocks which are reusable

Question 22

Diversity

Answer 22

Incredibly complex molecules can be generated

Question 23

4 Major classes of Biomolecules

Answer 23

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids

Question 24

Proteins

Answer 24

Linear Polymers of Amino Acids
20 different Amino Acids
Amino Acids link together to form linear chains that fold into complex patterns with distinct biological activities

Question 25

Polysaccharides

Answer 25

Monosaccharides linked together to form linear or branched polymers higher order Polysaccharides serve many important biological roles including structural, energy storage and cellular recognition

Question 26

Nucleic Acids

Answer 26

Linear polymers of nucleotide blocks (5 building blocks for DNA and RNA) Involved in all aspects of storage and utilization of genetic information

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Lipids are aggregates of building blocks Lipids serve in energy storage, formation of membranes and signalling

Question 28

Prokaryotes

Answer 28

Small Rapid growth allows quick adaptation Single Compartment, the nuclei which contains nucleic acid

Question 29

Eukaryotes

Answer 29

Large Make up multicellular organisms Membrane Bound Organelle Differentiation of cells to unique and specialized cell types

Question 30

In Vitro

Answer 30

In glass (Studies in Lab)

Question 31

In Vivo

Answer 31

In the living organism

Question 32

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 32

In any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, altho the forms of the energy may change

Question 33

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 33

Tendency in nature is toward ever greater disorder: Total entropy of the universe is continually increasing

Question 34

Enthalpy (H)

Answer 34

Reflects the number and kinds of bonds

Question 35

Entropy (S)

Answer 35

Degree of Radomness

Question 36

Temperatues

Answer 36

In Degress Kelvin

Question 37

Formula of Free Energy

Answer 37

G = H - TS

Question 38

G > 0

Answer 38

Endergonic Non Spontaneous Process Needs Free energy to proceed

Question 39

G < 0

Answer 39

Exergonic Spontaneous processs Release of free energy