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Anatomy and Physiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

A

ANATOMY

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2
Q

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as heart,
lungs, kidneys

A

GROSS ANATOMY

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3
Q

All structures in particular region of the body

A

REGIONAL

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4
Q

Body structures are examined system by system

A

SYSTEMIC

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5
Q

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

A

SURFACE

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6
Q

Deals with structures to small to be seen by the naked eye

A

MICROSCOPIC

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7
Q

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

A

DEVELOPMENTAL

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8
Q

Studies the function of the body, how the body parts work
and carry out their life-sustaining activities

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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9
Q

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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10
Q

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

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11
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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12
Q

Acts as the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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13
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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14
Q

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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15
Q

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY

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16
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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17
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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18
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

A

URINARY SYSTEM

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19
Q

Overall function is production of offspring

A

MALE/FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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20
Q

Enumerate the 8 requirements for life for what a highly organized human body does

A
  1. Maintaining boundaries
  2. Movement
  3. Responsiveness/ Excitability
  4. Digestion
  5. Metabolism
  6. Excretion
  7. Reproduction
  8. Growth
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21
Q

The set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions

A

CATABOLISM

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22
Q

Is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, these reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process

A

ANABOLISM

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23
Q

Enumerate the 5 requirements for life: survival needs

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Oxygen
  3. Water
  4. Normal Body Temperature
  5. Atmospheric Pressure
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24
Q

Ability of the body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even through the outside world changes continuously

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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25
When a signal is bound to its receptor, a specific intracellular signal transduction pathway is triggered which leads to either 1) cell fate changes or 2) morphogenetic responses
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
26
Initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater. The response to a stimulus does not stop or reverse it but instead keeps the sequence of events going up
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM/CASCADES
27
An inability of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
28
Enumerate and describe the 3 body positions
1. Anatomical Position - body erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward 2. Prone Position - face-down, usually used during surgical procedures 3. Supine Position - lying horizontally with the face and torse facing up
29
Enumerate and describe the 5 different planes
1. Sagittal Plane - a vertical plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides 2. Median Plane - bisects the body vertically through the midline, dividing the body exactly in left and right side 3. Coronal Plane - a vertical plane dividing the body into its anterior and posterior portions 4. Oblique Plane - a plane that ais any type of angle other than horizontal or vertical angle (not usually used) 5. Transverse Plane - a horizontal plane dividing the body into its superior and inferior portions
30
Medial vs Lateral
Medial - towards the middle Lateral - outwards/ away from the middle
31
Superior vs Inferior
Superior - upper Inferior - lower
32
Anterior vs Posterior
Anterior - front Posterior - back
33
Proximal vs Distal
Proximal - nearest/ toward Distal - farthest/ away
34
Superficial vs Deep
Superficial - closer to surface Deep - away from the surface
35
Unilateral vs Bilateral
Unilateral - one side Bilateral - both sides
36
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral
Ipsilateral - same side Contralateral - opposite side
37
Layman's term:
38
Double-layered membrane in the ventral cavity
SEROSA/SEROUS MEMBRANE
39
Membrane in the ventral cavity lining the walls
Parietal
40
Membrane in the ventral cavity covers the organs
VISCERAL
41
Lubricating fluid that separates the serosa
SEROUS FLUID
42
Enumerate the Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RUQ - Right upper quadrant RLQ - Right lower quadrant LUQ - Left upper quadrant LLQ - Left lower quadrant
43
Enumerate the 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
1-2 Right and Left hypochondriac region 3-4 Right and Left lateral (lumbar) region 5-6 Right and Left inguinal (iliac) region 7. Epigastric region 8. Umbilical region 9. Pubic (hypogastric) region
44
Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light
SOLUTION
45
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out
COLLOID
46
Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light
SUSPENSION
47
Concentration measurement in the blood
Milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL)
48
Any element or compound equal to its molecular weight in grams
MOLE
49
Study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter
BIOCHEMISTRY
50
Contain carbon and made by living things
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
51
Compounds that lack carbon except carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
52
Enumerate the 7 Characteristics of water as an inorganic compound
1. High heat capacity 2.High heat of vaporization 3.Universal solvent 4. Hydration layers shield proteins to form biological colloids 5. Body’s major transport medium 6. Participates in many chemical reactions in the body’s metabolism 7. Cushioning
53
Ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ions (OH-)
SALTS
54
Also called, proton donors, substance that release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
ACIDS
55
Also called proton acceptors, substances that take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
BASES
56
Measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids
pH
57
The pH of the human body ranges between ____ to ____
7.35 to 7.45
58
A pH below 7.35
ACIDEMIA
59
pH above 7.45
ALKALEMIA
60
When acids and bases mix, displacement reaction happen to form water and salt
NEUTRALIZATION
61
Consists of a weak acid and a weak base that resists abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids
BUFFERS
62
63
Large complex molecules with thousands of atoms
MACROMOLECULES
64
Chainlike molecules made of smaller, similar subunits
POLYMERS
65
Process of joining together monomers
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
66
Process of degrading molecules
HYDROLYSIS
67
Simple sugars, single chain
MONOSACCHARIDES
68
Double sugar, two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
DISACCHARIDES
69
Polymers of simple sugars, large fairly insoluble molecules
POLYSACCHARIDES
70
Provide ready, easily used source of cellular fuel
FUNCTIONS
71
Insoluble in water but dissolve readily in alcohol and ether
LIPIDS
72
Fats when solid; oil if liquid, yields large amounts of energy
TRIGLYCERIDES
73
Only with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
SATURATED FAT
74
Contains one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
UNSATURATED FATS
75
Solidified fats by addition of H atoms at carbon double bonds
TRANS FATS
76
Modified triglycerides with glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
77
Flat molecules made of interlocking hydrocarbon rings
STEROIDS
78
Essential for human life, found in cell membranes and raw material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones and bile salts
CHOLESTEROL
79
Lipids found in all cell membranes
EICOSANOIDS
80
Basic structure material of the body and plays vital roles in cell function
PROTEINS
81
Building blocks of protein
AMINO ACID
82
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
ENZYMES
83
Substance on which an enzyme acts
SUBSTRATE
84
Enumerate the 6 types of proteins and their functions
1. Structural protein - mechanical support 2. Enzyme protein - catalysis 3. Transport protein - moving substances 4. Contractile protein - Movement 5. Communication protein - transmitting signals between cells 6. Defensive proteins - protect against disease
85
Largest molecules in the body and includes 2 major classes. Name the two types.
NUCLEIC ACID 1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) 2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
86
Is an energy transferring molecule in cells and provides energy immediately usable by all body cells
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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