Module 2 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Smallest unit of life
A
CELLS
2
Q
Enumerate and describe what a generalized composite cell has (3)
A
- Plasma Membrane - selectively permeable barrier
- Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid packed with organelles
- Nucleus - organelle that controls cellular activities
3
Q
Includes interstitial fluids, blood plasma,
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
4
Q
Substances that aid in digestion (gastric fluids) or act as lubricants (saliva)
A
CELLULAR SECRETIONS
5
Q
Most abundant material, jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides
A
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)
6
Q
Phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules plugged in as a fluid
mosaic
A
PLASMA MEMBRANE
7
Q
Forms the fabric of the membrane (phospholipid +
cholesterol)
A
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
8
Q
Allows the membrane to communicate with its environment, responsible for specialized membrane function
A
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
9
Q
Includes glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Glycocalyx (carbohydrate rich area) provides identity molecules for specific
biologicals markers
A
MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATES
10
Q
Allow neighboring cells to adhere and to communicate inhibit or aid in allowing movement of molecules between cells
A
CELL JUNCTIONS
11
Q
Enumerate and describe the 4 functions of plasma membrane
A
- Physical Barrier - encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from
the extracellular fluid - Selective Permeability - determines which substances enters or exit
the cell - Communication – plasma membrane proteins interact with specific
chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior - Cell Recognition – cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to
recognize each other
12
Q
TRUE OR FLASE: Polar heads hide from the water
A
FALSE
13
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Nonpolar tails face the water inside and outside the cell
A
FALSE
14
Q
Enumerate the 6 Membrane Protein Functions
A
- Transport
- Receptors for signal transduction
- Enzymatic activity
- Cell-cell recognition
- Attachment to the cytoskeleton extracellular matrix (ECM)
- Cell-to-cell joining
15
Q
Diffuse directly through the lipid
bilayer (usually small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids)
A
SIMPLE DIFUSION
16
Q
Either through a) binding to
carrier proteins or 2) through water filled channel proteins
A
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
17
Q
Diffusion of a solvent through a
membrane
A
OSMOSIS
18
Q
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by
altering the cells; internal water volume
A
TONICITY
19
Q
Have the same concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes as those
found in the cells, retain shape, exhibit no net loss or gain of water
A
ISOTONIC
20
Q
Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the
cell, lose water, shrivel or crenate
A
HYPERTONIC
21
Q
More dilute than cells, cells plump up or lyse
A
HYPOTONIC
22
Q
Requires transport proteins that combine specifically and
reversibly with the transported substances
A
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
23
Q
Transport of substances against a concentration gradient
A
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
24
Q
Cotransport (coupled transport) of two solutes across the membrane
A
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
25
A large external particle is surrounded by a pseudopod and becomes enclosed in a vesicle
PHAGOCYTOSIS
26
Plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes
PINOCYTOSIS
27
External substances binds to membrane receptors
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
28
Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo
VESICULAR TRAFFICKING
29
Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell
EXOCYTOSIS
30
Also termed as voltage, electrical potential energy resulting from
the separation of oppositely charged particles
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
31
ranging from (-)50 – (-)90 mV
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
32
Cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the extracellular matrix
CELL ADHESION MOLECULES (CAMs)
33
Diverse group of integral proteins that
serve as binding sites which play a role
in Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling
PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS
34
Enumerate and describe the 3 Ligands
1. Neurotransmitters – signals from the nervous system
2. Hormones – signals from the endocrine system
3. Paracrine - chemicals that act locally and are rapidly destroyed
35
What are the 3 steps of chemical signaling
1. Ligand is sent out and
binds to a specific
receptor
2. The receptor’s structure
changes and cell proteins
are altered
3. Cell response
36
Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets itself
AUTOCRINE
37
Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions
SIGNALING ACROSS GAP JUNCTIONS
38
Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets a nearby cell
PARACRINE
39
Chemical Signaling type where a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
ENDOCRINE
40
Regulatory molecule that acts as a middle-man to
activate either 1) membrane bound enzyme or 2) ion channel
G-PROTEIN
41
Types of plasma membrane receptor that act through G-protein to
start a second messenger cascade
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
42
Enumerate the 2 important second messengers
Cyclic AMP and Ionic
Calcium activates protein kinase enzymes
43
Cell material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
CYTOPLASM
44
Enumerate and describe the 3 major elements of the cytoplasm
1) Cytosol - viscous, semi-transparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended
2) Organelles – metabolic machinery of the cell that synthesize proteins,
generate ATP
3) Inclusions – chemical substances like stored nutrients, lipid droplets and
pigments
45
Powerplants of the cell, providing ATP supply
MITOCHONDRIA
46
Sites of protein synthesis
RIBOSOMES
47
Extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel sacs
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
48
Studded with ribosomes that manufacture all proteins secreted
from cells; manufacture of integral proteins and phospholipids that form
part of all cellular membranes
ROUGH ER(ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
49
Contains integral proteins called enzymes that catalyze reactions
SMOOTH ER (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
50
Modify, concentrate and package the proteins and lipids
Stacked, flattened membranous sacs associated with tiny
membranous vesicles
GOLGI APARATUS
51
Spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes
PERXISOMES
52
Spherical membranous organelles containing activated hydrolytic enzymes
LYSOSOMES
53
System of organelles that work
together mainly to produce, degrade, store and export biological molecules
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
54
Elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures
CYTOSKELETON
55
Whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur on the exposed
surfaces of certain cells
CILIA
56
Projections formed by centrioles but longer
FLAGELLA
57
Tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that
project from an exposed cell surface
MICROVILLI
58
Control center and contains the
instructions to build nearly all the
body’s proteins
NUCLEUS
59
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces
CELL CYCLE
60
Period from cell formation to cell division
INTERPHASE
61
Describe the 3 subphases
1. G1 subphase(Gap 1) – metabolically active cell, synthesizing proteins rapidly
and growing vigorously, duration is variable.
2. S subphase – DNA is replicated, ensuring 2 future cells will receive identical
copies of the genetic material
3. G2 subphase (Gap 2) – enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, centriole
replication is complete
62
Describe the sequence of DNA Replication
1) Uncoiling
2) Separation
3) Assembly
4) Restoration
63
Division of the nucleus, is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the parent cell to two daughter cells
MITOSIS
64
What are the 4 steps of Mitosis
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
65
Division of the cytoplasm
CYTOKINESIS
66
What are the 3 forms of RNA
1. Messenger RNA – carries the coded information to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs
2. Ribosomal RNA – 2 units form functional ribosomes which are sites of protein synthesis
3. Transfer RNA – ferry amino acids to the ribosomes
67
Sweeps up bits of cytoplasm and organelles into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes then delivered to lysosomes for digestion
AUTOPHAGY (SELF-EATING)
68
Proteins attach to marked proteins ready for destruction and then hydrolyzed by proteasomes
UBIQUITIN-PROTEASOME PATHWAY
69
Programmed cell death, rids the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span
APOPTOSIS
70
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
TISSUES
71
Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, a boundary-forming tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
72
What are the 5 characteristics of the epithelium
1. Polarity - either Apical surface or basal lamina
2. Specialized contacts - cells fit together closely to form continuous
sheets tied together by tight junctions and desmosomes
3. Supported by connective tissue- epithelial sheets rest upon connective tissue
4. Avascular but innervated - has no blood vessels but supplied with nerve fibers
5. Regeneration - as long as epithelial cells receive adequate nutrition, cells are replaced by cell division
73
Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of flattened cells. Is the simplest of the epithelia and allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
74
Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of cubelike cells that are responsible for secretion and absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
75
Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei that are responsible for absorption and secretion of mucus enzymes
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
76
Classification of epithelial tissue that has a single layer of differing heights that secrete substances
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
77
Classification of epithelial tissue that is thick and composed of several cell layers and protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
78
Classification of epithelial tissue that resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal and stretched readily
TRANSITIONAL
79
Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
GLAND
80
Product of a gland that can be aqueous, lipid or steroid-rich containing proteins. Either endocrine or exocrine or either unicellular or multicellular
SECRETION
81
Product hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid to specific target organs
ENDOCRINE
82
Secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, include the
liver, pancreas, salivary glands among others
EXOCRINE
83
Enumerate the 5 functions of connective tissues
1.Binding and supporting
2.Protecting
3.Insulating
4.Storing reserve fuel
5. Transporting substances
84
A structural support network made up
of diverse proteins, sugars and other components and responsible for the physical maintenance of cells
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
85
Arise from mesenchyme
COMMON ORIGIN
86
Unstructured materials that fills the space between cells and fibers (Interstitial fluid, Cell adhesion proteins, Proteoglycans)
GROUNF SUBSTANCE
87
Enumerate the 3 types of fibers for the structural components of connective tissues
1.Collagen fibers
2.Elastic fibers
3.Reticular fibers
88
Enumerate the 4 types of cells for the structural components of connective tissues
1.Mast cells
2.Macrophages
3.WBC
4.Osteoblasts
89
Connective tissue with gel-like matrix with all three fiber types that wraps and cushions organs
Proper Loose Areolar
90
Connective tissue with matrix as in areola, but very sparse that provides reserve food fuel
Proper Loose Adipose
91
Connective tissue with loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance which fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types
Proper Loose Reticular
92
Connective tissue with primarily parallel collagen fibers that attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
Proper Dense Regular
93
Connective tissue with primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers that withstands tension exerted in many directions
Proper Dense Irregular
94
Connective tissue with dense regular connective tissues containing a high proportion of elastic fibers that allows tissues to recoil after stretching
Proper Dense Elastic
95
Connective tissue with amorphous but firm matrix collagen fibers form an imperceptible network that supports and reinforces
Cartillage Hyaline
96
Connective tissue that are similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix that maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Cartilage Elastic
97
Connective tissue with matrix similar to but less firm that that in hyaline cartilage with tensile strength that allows it to absorb compressive shock
Cartilage Fibrocartilage
98
Connective tissue with hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers that supports and protects
Bone
99
Connective tissue with red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix and transports resparatory gasses, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
Blood
100
Well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most type of body movement
MUSCLE TISSUE
101
Muscle tissue that is long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells that allows voluntary movement
Skeletal Muscle
102
Muscle tissue that is branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions and as it contracts, it propels blood into circulation
Cardiac Muscle
103
Muscle tissue where cells are spindle shaped with central nuclei that propels substances or objects along internal passageways
Smooth Muscle
104
Main component of the nervous system which regulates and controls body functions
NERVOUS TISSUE
105
High specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve
impulses which enables them to respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses
NEURONS
106
Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect delicate neurons
SUPPORTING CELLS/GLIAL/NEUROGLIA
107
Continuous multicellular sheets composed of at least 2 primary tissue types (epithelium + connective tissue)
MEMBRANES
108
Membrane line body cavities that are open to the exterior
Mucous Membranes (mucosae)
109
Membrane that covers the body surface
Cutaneous Membrane
110
Membrane that lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior
Serous Membrane
111
Enumerate the 3 steps of tissue repair
1. Inflammation sets the stage
2. Organization restores the blood supply
3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair
