Module 1

Question 1

Study of variation and heredity

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

Similarities and differences among organisms

Answer 2

Variation

Question 3

How characteristics are transmitted through generations

Answer 3

Heredity

Question 4

Functions of Genetic Information

Answer 4

• Directs Cellular Function
• Determines external appearance
• Serves as link between generations in every species

Question 5

Genes are Particulate Factors

Answer 5

Gregor Mendel

Question 6

Discovered Nucleic Acids

Answer 6

Friedrich miescher

Question 7

Chromosomes are hereditary units

Answer 7

Walter Sutton

Question 8

Genes lie on chromosomes

Answer 8

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 9

Chromosomes are linear arrays of genes

Answer 9

Alfred Sturtevant

Question 10

Mutations are physical changes in genes

Answer 10

Hermann Muller

Question 11

Recombination occurs by crossing over

Answer 11

Harriett Creighton & Barbara McClintock

Question 12

A gene codes for a protein

Answer 12

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

Question 13

DNA is the genetic material

Answer 13

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

Question 14

First protein sequenced

Answer 14

Frederick Sanger

Question 15

DNA is a double helix

Answer 15

James Watson & Francis Crick (AND Rosalind Franklin)

Question 16

DNA replicates semiconservatively

Answer 16

Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl

Question 17

Genetic code is triplet

Answer 17

Marshall Nirenberg & Heinrich Matthaei

Question 18

DNA can be sequenced

Answer 18

Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam & Walter Gilbert

Question 19

Haemophilus influenzaegenome sequenced

Answer 19

Institute of Genomic Research

Question 20

Human genome sequenced

Answer 20

Human Genome Project

Question 21

4 FIELDS OF GENETICS

Answer 21

1. Transmission Genetics
2. Cytogenetics
3. Molecular Genetics
4. Population Genetics

Question 22

Patterns of inheritance are determined through planned breeding experiments

Answer 22

Transmission Genetics

Question 23

Study of the cellular or physical basis of heredity (chromosomes)

Answer 23

Cytogenetics

Question 24

Characterization of the chemical nature of the genetic materials (DNA and RNA) as well as the mode by which they bring about the traits they control

Answer 24

Molecular Genetics

Question 25

Describes the behavior of genes in large groups of individuals with passage of time

Answer 25

Population Genetics

Question 26

6 METHODS OF STUDYING GENETICS

Answer 26

1. Planned experimental breeding 2. Pedigree analysis 3. Statistical analysis 4. Twin study 5. Karyotyping 6. DNA testing/profiling

Question 27

discrete heritable units that are passed on from parent to offspring

Answer 27

Genes

Question 28

alternative forms of the same gene; found in chromosomes

Answer 28

Alleles

Question 29

Differentiate Dominant and Recessive Allele

Answer 29

Dominant allele–fully expressed Recessive allele–has no noticeable effect in the presence of the dominant allele

Question 30

particular site in the chromosome where an allele is found

Answer 30

Locus

Question 31

matched pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell

Answer 31

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 32

Characteristics of a genetic material

Answer 32

1. Stable – does not easily denature (940 C) 2. Replicable – sequence (and information) can be copied 3. Translatable – sequence (and information) can be converted into a different language (proteins) 4. Mutable – can be changed to yield variations

Question 33

Evidence favoring DNA as the genetic material

Answer 33

1. Transformation experiments by Griffith (1927) 2. Transformation experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944)

Question 34

Why are AT/AU pairings weaker than GC base pairs.

Answer 34

GC has 1 more H-bond than AT/AU

Question 35

Types of RNA

Answer 35

1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)–carries amino acids 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)–binds with proteins to form ribosomes 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA)–template for protein synthesis 4. Micro RNA (miRNA)–regulates gene expression

Question 36

Transcription differs from DNA replication in 3 ways:

Answer 36

1.Only a small region of one DNA strand is used as a template. 2. RNA polymerase instead of DNA polymerase for nucleotide addition. 3. Results in a single-stranded RNA.

Question 37

Transcription components

Answer 37

1) RNA polymerase and associated proteins 2) DNA sequence a) promoter b) gene

Question 38

DNA strand from which RNA is transcribed

Answer 38

Template/Antisense Strand

Question 39

Untranscribed strand; Identical in sequence to transcribed RNA

Answer 39

Coding/Sense strand

Question 40

Types of RNA polymerases in Eubacteria

Answer 40

Only 1 type used for all types of RNAs

Question 41

Types of RNA polymerases in Archaea

Answer 41

Several types but not studied

Question 42

Types of RNA Polymerases in Eukarya

Answer 42

1.RNA polymerase I–18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA 2. RNA polymerase II-precursor mRNA, miRNA 3. RNA polymerase III–tRNA, 5S rRNA, miRNA

Question 43

Conformation of the tRNA anticodon loop permits flexibility at the 1stbase of the anticodon.; Hypothesis that explains why differences at third codon can occur but leave it unaffected.

Answer 43

Wobble Hypothesis

Question 44

Function of mRNA

Answer 44

Template for protein synthesis

Question 45

Function of tRNA

Answer 45

Carries Amino Acids

Question 46

Function of rRNA

Answer 46

Binds with proteins forming ribosomes

Question 47

Difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote central dogma

Answer 47

Prokaryote: Replication, transcription, and translation occur in cytoplasm and can occur at the same time Eukaryote: Step-by-step due to different locations for each step

Question 48

Occurs during the Synthesis (S) phase of cell cycle Single chromatid thread → two chromatids Each daughter cell must have a copy of a sister chromatid Semiconservative Produces daughter double strands made up of an old and new strand Occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction The orientation of the DNA template is 3’ to 5’ direction

Answer 48

Replication

Question 49

Causes Okazaki Fragments

Answer 49

Lagging strand; transcription requires multiple promoters.

Question 50

Biosynthesis of RNA from DNA template

Answer 50

Transcription

Question 51

Enzymes involved in replication and their function (3):

Answer 51

Helicase - unwinds the double helix by disrupting H-bonds DNA polymerase - joins the sugar phosphate backbone between nucleotides DNA ligase - connects Okazaki fragments via formation of phosphodiester bonds

Question 52

Stages of Transcription

Answer 52

1. Initiation - RNA pol and associated proteins bind to the promoter region 2. Elongation - DNA unwinds as H bonds break - Free nucleotides of the RNA pair with complementary DNA bases - RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms (aided by RNA pol) 3. Termination - H bonds of untwisted RNA+DNA ladder break, freeing the new RNA

Question 53

Sites of large ribosomal subunit

Answer 53

E site - exit site P site - Peptidyl-tRNA binding site A site - Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site

Question 54

Hep hep?

Answer 54

Hooray