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BIO 140 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Sequence of genomic DNA or RNA that is
    essential for a specific function
  • Used to be defined as giving rise to an enzyme
A

Gene

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2
Q

(3) Types of Genes and functions

A
  1. protein-coding genes – TRANSLATED
  2. RNA-specifying genes – TRANSCRIBED ONLY
  3. untranscribed genes – do not get transcribed but affect the expression of other genes
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3
Q

Type of mRNA as a transcription unit:

– contains 1 gene only
– common in eukaryotes

A

Monocistronic mRNA

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4
Q

Type of mRNA as a transcription unit:

  • contains several genes in tandem array
    – common in prokaryotes
A

Polycistronic mRNA

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5
Q

States that not all genes within a cell are active at the same time.

A

Regulation of Gene Expression

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6
Q

Stages where gene regulation occurs

A

*Transcription
*Post-transcription
*Translation
*Post-translation

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7
Q

In Transcriptional Regulation these are:

  • genes that are transcribed continuously

– not affected by the environment

A

Constitutive Genes

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8
Q

In Transcriptional Regulation these are:

genes governed by REGULATORY proteins

A

Non-constitutive genes

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9
Q

Types of regulatory proteins

A
  1. Repressor
  2. Activator
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10
Q

Protein that prevents transcription

Binds to an OPERATOR sequence upstream of the gene in the
DNA

Negative control

A

Repressor

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11
Q

Protein that promotes transcription

Binds to either PROMOTER or ENHANCER sites in the DNA

Positive control

A

Activator

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12
Q

Sequences found at the 5’ flanking region of a gene

Signals initiation of transcription

A

Promoters

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13
Q

Promoter sequences in eukaryotes

A
  1. TATA Box – (TATAAA), Hogness-Goldberg box
  2. CAAT Box – (CAAT)
  3. GC Box – (GGGCGG)
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14
Q

Promoter in Eukaryotes found 19-27 bp upstream of start of transcription

A

TATA Box (TATAAA)

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15
Q

sequence that is translated

A

Exon

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16
Q

intervening sequence, eventually spliced off

A

intron

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17
Q

mRNA domains that control critical post-transcriptional gene regulation processes

untranslated

A

UTR (untranslated region)

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18
Q

Promoter sequences in prokaryotes

A

Pribnow Box (TATAAT)

TTGACA

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19
Q

Found 10 bp (technically 7 in the lab) from the start of transcription in prokaryotes

A

TATAAT

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20
Q

Found 35-bp upstream of start of transcription

A

TTGACA

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21
Q
  • unit of bacterial gene expression & regulation
  • Polycistronic
  • Contains regulatory elements
22
Q

Site to which RNA polymerase binds

23
Q

Site to which repressor protein binds

24
Q

Structural Genes for lac operon:

Study These Flashcards
A

Lac Z - beta-galactosidase
Lac Y - permease
Lac A - transacetylase

25
Codes for repressor protein
Repressor
26
T or F: In the absence of lactose, the repressor protein does not bind and transcription of structural genes proceeds.
F: In the PRESENCE of lactose, the repressor protein does not bind and transcription of structural genes proceeds.
27
T or F: In the absence of lactose, the repressor protein binds to the operator gene and blocks transcription.
T: In the absence of lactose, the repressor protein binds to the operator gene and blocks transcription.
28
The lac operon is NEGATIVE INDUCIBLE CONTROL, why?
Negative control because of presence of repressor protein that prevents transcription; Inducible because it is based on the presence of lactose
29
Structural genes of the trp operon.
*Trp E *Trp D *Trp C *Trp B *Trp A
30
Regulates mRNA transcription
Attenuator
31
T or F: In the absence of tryptophan, the repressor protein trpA-repressor can bind to the operator causing allosteric transition. The trp-Repressor complex binds to the operator and transcription is blocked.
F:In the absence of tryptophan, the repressor protein alone cannot bind to the operator. Transcription proceeds to form a Polycistronic mRNA. If tryptophan is present, the repressor protein, trpA-repressor, binds to tryptophan, causing allosteric transition. The trp-Repressor complex binds to the operator and transcription is blocked.
32
The trp operon is under NEGATIVE REPRESSIBLE CONTROL, why?
Presence of tryptophan represses transcription of structural genes Negative control because of presence of repressor that prevents transcription
33
Regulator several hundreds or thousands of bp upstream or downstream of gene it regulates
Enhancer
34
proteins encoded by separate genes bind to specific DNA sequences also known as trans-acting factors
Transcription Factors
35
3 types of Transcription Factor DNA binding sites:
1. Helix-turn-helix 2. Zinc finger 3. Leucine zipper
36
immediate product of transcription; edited before use or translation
pre-mRNA
37
pre-mRNAs found in nucleus of eukaryotes
hnRNA
38
lends protection and stability to 5’ end; UNIQUE TO EUKARYOTES
5’ capping
39
Addition of poly-A tail to protect the 3’ end from exonucleases
3’ polyadenylation
40
removal of introns
splicing
41
In translation, prokaryote or eukaryote: Formylmethionine as first amino acid Shine-Dalgarno sequence – where 16S rRNA binds AGGAGG 10 bases upstream of AUG codon
Prokaryote
42
In translation, prokaryote or eukaryote: Methionine as first amino acid 7mGppp – where rRNA binds
Eukaryote
43
Methods of Translational Regulation
1. Altering the half-life or stability of mRNA for translation 2. Controlling the initiation and rate of translation 3. Regulation by microRNA (miRNA)
44
removal of _______ reduces the half-life of mature mRNAs and decreasing their stability
poly-A binding protein (PABP)
45
Small non-coding RNA molecule found in plants, animals, some viruses Short, 19-23 nts in length Encoded by eukaryotic nuclear gene (DNA) Base pairs with complementary sites of mRNA in the cytoplasm; silences by prevention or delay of translation Double or single stranded?
microRNA (miRNA); Double stranded
46
Methods of Post-translational Regulation by Modification of protein product
1. Ubiquitination 2. Phosphorylation 3. Glycosylation 4. Enzymatic cleavage
47
Post translational regulation where there is attachment of protein ubiquitin to other proteins and protein becomes target of destruction by proteosome
Ubiquitination
48
Post-translational regulation carried out by kinases by addition of phosphate group to amino acids affecting the activity of protein
Phosphorylation
49
Post-translational regulation where there is addition of carbohydrate group also affects protein activity
Glycosylation
50
Post-translational regulation where there is breakdown of protein into smaller functional units carried out by PEPTIDASE
Enzymatic Cleavage
51
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BIO 140 (8 decks)

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