Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The _________ system, used in most countries, is the standard system of measurement for scientists and is used by most scientific journals.
a. metric
b. English
c. United States customary
c. imperial
A
a. metric
2
Q
______ has been endorsed by most exercise and sports medicine journals for the publication of research data as it ensures standardization in the reporting of scientific data and makes comparison of published values easy.
a. Natural units
b. United States customary units
c. System International units
d. Imperial units
A
c. System International units
3
Q
Identify the SI unit of work.
a. Amperes
b. Coulomb
c. Newton
d. Joules
A
d. Joules
4
Q
Identify the SI unit for power.
a. Ohms
b. Hertz
c. Volt
d. Watt
A
d. Watt
5
Q
Which of the following is used to measure a specific type of work?
a. Voltmeter
b. Ergometer
c. Barometer
d. Accelerometer
A
b. Ergometer
6
Q
Which of the following systems of measurement remains common in the United States?
a. The metric system
b. The decimalized system
c. The English system
d. The System International units
A
c. The English system
7
Q
One of the earliest ergometers used to measure work capacity in humans was the ______.
a. direct calorimetry
b. treadmill
c. cycle ergometer
d. bench step
A
d. bench step
8
Q
______ is a uniform system of reporting scientific measurement that has been developed to standardize units of measure in exercise science.
a. Imperial units
b. System International units
c. United States customary units
d. Natural units
A
b. System International units
9
Q
Which of the following types of cycle ergometers incorporates a belt wrapped around the wheel?
a. Monark cycle
b. Airdyne bicycle
c. Repco cycle
d. Velotron cycle
A
a. Monark cycle
10
Q
______ is the product of force and the distance through which that force acts.
a. Power
b. Energy
c. Work
d. Mass
A
c. Work
11
Q
_________ is the term that refers to how much work is done or accomplished per unit of time.
A
Power
12
Q
Identify true statements about the arm ergometer. (More than one option may be correct.)
a. It functions differently from the cycle ergometer, which involves the subject stepping up and down on a bench.
b. It permits the measurement of both the resistance on the flywheel and the distance that the wheel travels.
c. It is a valuable alternative to the cycle ergometer for exercise testing in individuals with lower extremity disability.
d. It was first designed and built in 1889 by the German physiologist Nathan Zuntz for laboratory research.
A
b. It permits the measurement of both the resistance on the flywheel and the distance that the wheel travels.
c. It is a valuable alternative to the cycle ergometer for exercise testing in individuals with lower extremity disability.
13
Q
The term that refers to the measurement of work output is known as ____________.
A
Ergometry
14
Q
Which of the following is true of a bench step?
a. It involves the subject stepping up and down on a bench at a specified rate.
b. It functions similar to the cycle ergometer except that the subject steps on the ergometer using the arms instead of the legs.
c. It involves the subject lying down on a bench and lifting the legs and arms to meet.
d. It provides a convenient method of measuring energy expenditure during either walking or running.
A
a. It involves the subject stepping up and down on a bench at a specified rate.
15
Q
Measurement of an individual’s energy expenditure at rest or during an activity does not have any practical applications.
a. True
b. False
A
b. False
16
Q
Identify the characteristics of a cycle ergometer. (More than one option may be correct.)
a. It involves a person stepping up and down from the ergometer.
b. It is used to determine the body mass index of the subject.
c. It allows for the accurate measurement of the work performed.
d. It is a stationary ergometer.
A
c. It allows for the accurate measurement of the work performed.
d. It is a stationary ergometer.
17
Q
Identify the ways by which heat is produced by cells. (More than one option may be correct.)
a. C3 carbon fixation pathway
b. Glyoxylate cycle
c. Cell work
d. Cellular respiration
A
c. Cell work
d. Cellular respiration
18
Q
Which of the following is used to measure a specific type of work?
a. Accelerometer
b. Voltmeter
c. Ergometer
d. Barometer
A
c. Ergometer
19
Q
The arm ergometer is also referred to as a(n) ________ ________ ________.
A
arm crank ergometer
20
Q
A ________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
a. newton
b. tesla
c. volt
d. calorie
A
d. calorie
21
Q
Energy expenditure of an individual can be measured using _______ techniques.
a. spirometry
b. calorimetry
c. biometry
d. anthropometry
A
b. calorimetry
22
Q
One kilocalorie equals ______ joules.
a. 4186
b. 3674
c. 1000
d. 1500
A
a. 4186
23
Q
When the body uses energy to perform work, there is ______.
a. release of fat from subcutaneous tissues
b. retention of Na++ ions
c. water reabsorption from kidney tubules
d. liberation of heat
A
d. liberation of heat
24
Q
Identify a true statement about direct calorimetry.
a. It is one of the least popular techniques for measuring metabolic rate.
b. It involves the use of ergometer that produces heat and makes the process of measuring metabolic rate complicated.
c. It does not involve converting the amount of oxygen consumed into heat equivalents.
d. It fails to precisely measure the amount of heat production.
A
b. It involves the use of ergometer that produces heat and makes the process of measuring metabolic rate complicated.
25
The rate of heat production in an individual is directly proportional to the ______.
a. intrapleural pressure
b. body weight
c. heart rate
d. metabolic rate
d. metabolic rate
26
In the _________ _________ technique, to convert the amount of oxygen consumed into heat equivalents, it is vital to know the types of metabolized nutrients.
indirect calorimetry
27
The common unit employed to measure heat energy is the ______.
a. hertz
b. newton
c. farad
d. calorie
d. calorie
28
Identify the expression of oxygen consumption relative to body weight.
a. VO2 (ml. kg−1. min−1)
b. kpm. min−1
c. VO2 (L. min−1)
d. kcal. min−1
a. VO2 (ml. kg−1. min−1)
milliliters of O2 consumed per minute per kg of body weight
29
The term ______ is commonly used to express energy expenditure and the energy value of foods.
a. kilocalorie
b. erg
c. joule
d. kilokaiser
d. kilocalorie
30
Which of the following is a limitation of direct calorimetry?
a. It does not consider the heat loss of an individual due to the circulating cool water.
b. It is considered to be the least precise technique for measuring metabolic rate.
c. It is expensive.
d. It is practically not feasible.
c. It is expensive.
31
Which of the following techniques is based on the direct relationship between the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of heat produced in the body?
a. Indirect calorimetry
b. Differential scanning calorimetry
c. Sorption calorimetry
d. Isothermal titration calorimetry
a. Indirect calorimetry
32
Which of the following is an expression of oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in absolute terms?
a. VO2 (ml. kg−1. min−1)
b. kpm. min−1
c. kcal. min−1
d. VO2 (L. min−1)
d. VO2 (L. min−1)
liters of O2 used per minute
33
Rank various elements that make up the human body based on the percentage to which they contribute to the synthesis of biomolecules. (Place the element with the highest percentage at the top.)
1. Hydrogen
2. Nitrogen
3. Carbon
4. Oxygen
4. Oxygen
3. Carbon
1. Hydrogen
2. Nitrogen
34
Compounds that contain carbon
Organic compounds
35
Compounds that do not contain carbon
Inorganic compounds
36
Energy transfer in the body occurs via the release of energy trapped within the ______.
a. nucleus of the cell
b. amino acids of cellular proteins
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. chemical bonds of various molecules
d. chemical bonds of various molecules
37
Some molecules can act as both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.
a. True
b. False
a. True
38
The synthesis of molecules
Anabolic reactions
39
The breakdown of molecules
Catabolic reactions
40
Identify the element that is found in small amounts in the human body.
a. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen
c. Carbon
d. Sodium
d. Sodium
41
Identify organic compounds. (More than one option may be correct.)
a. Carbohydrates
b. Fats
c. Water
d. Salt
e. Proteins
a. Carbohydrates
b. Fats
e. Proteins
42
Plants synthesize carbohydrates from the interaction of CO2, water, and solar energy in a process called ______.
a. glycogenolysis
b. photosynthesis
c. proteolysis
d. glycolysis
b. photosynthesis
43
Chemical bonds that contain relatively large amounts of potential energy are termed
_______ _______ bonds.
high energy
44
It donates electrons.
Reducing agent
45
It accepts electrons.
Oxidizing agent
46
_________ is a simple sugar that is transported via the blood and metabolized by tissues.
Glucose
47
___________ is broadly defined as the total of all cellular reactions and includes chemical pathways that result in the synthesis of molecules (anabolic reactions), as well as the breakdown of molecules (catabolic reactions).
Metabolism
48
Fatty acids consist of chains of carbon atoms linked to a(n) ______ group at one end.
a. hydroxyl
b. amine
c. amide
d. carboxyl
d. carboxyl
49
1 gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 9 kcal of energy.
a. True
b. False
b. False
1 gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of energy.
50
The amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are called ______.
a. secondary amino acids
b. non-essential amino acids
c. tertiary amino acids
d. essential amino acids
d. essential amino acids
51
Which of the following are true about adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? (More than one option may be correct.)
a. Most cells die quickly without sufficient amounts of ATP.
b. ATP is often called the universal energy donor.
c. ATP is the only energy-carrying molecule in the cell.
d. Muscle cells store large quantities of ATP.
a. Most cells die quickly without sufficient amounts of ATP.
b. ATP is often called the universal energy donor.
52
Identify the monosaccharide that is also known as "blood sugar."
a. Fructose
b. Sucrose
c. Galactose
d. Glucose
d. Glucose
53
________ _________ ________ is the term used to describe the metabolic pathway involving muscle stores of ATP and the use of phosphocreatine to rephosphorylate ADP. This pathway is used at the onset of exercise and during short-term, high-intensity work.
ATP PC System
54
______ are the primary type of fat used by muscle cells for energy.
a. Triglycerides
b. Fatty acids
c. Steroids
d. Phospholipids
b. Fatty acids
55
Identify the metabolic pathways that are involved in the aerobic production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (More than one option may be correct.)
a. The citric acid cycle
b. The kynurenine pathway
c. The electron transport chain
d. The glycerol phosphate shuttle
a. The citric acid cycle
c. The electron transport chain
56
Proteins are composed of tiny subunits called ______.
a. fatty acids
b. ribosomes
c. genes
d. amino acids
d. amino acids
57
The immediate source of energy for muscular contraction is the high-energy phosphate compound ______.
a. TTP
b. CTP
c. GTP
d. ATP
d. ATP
58
The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of acetyl CoA using ______ and ______ as electron (energy) carriers.
a. NADH; FADH
b. NADH2; FAD
c. NAD+; FAD
d. NAD+; FADH2
c. NAD+; FAD
59
Which bioenergetic reaction is also known as the phosphagen system?
a. Fatty-acid biosynthesis
b. Glycolysis
c. The citric acid cycle
d. The ATP-PC system
d. The ATP-PC system
60
Identify true statements about fats. (More than one option may be correct.)
a. The ratio of carbon to oxygen in fats is much greater than that found in carbohydrates.
b. Fats are soluble in water.
c. Steroids are the primary type of fat used by muscle cells for energy.
d. Fats can be found in both plants and animals.
a. The ratio of carbon to oxygen in fats is much greater than that found in carbohydrates.
d. Fats can be found in both plants and animals.
61
The aerobic production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) occurs in the ______.
a. ribosomes
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. mitochondria
d. golgi complex
c. mitochondria
62
Rank the stages involved in oxidative phosphorylation from the first to the last.
1. The formation of adenosine triphosphate
2. The formation of Acetyl-CoA
3. The oxidation of Acetyl-CoA
2. The formation of Acetyl-CoA
3. The oxidation of Acetyl-CoA
1. The formation of adenosine triphosphate
63
Proteins are formed by linking amino acids by chemical bonds called ______.
a. sulphide bonds
b. carbon bonds
c. peptide bonds
d. hydrogen bonds
c. peptide bonds
64
In Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form ______.
a. citrate
b. fumarate
c. malate
d. succinate
a. citrate
65
The Krebs cycle is also known as the ______.
a. citric acid cycle
b. electron transport chain
c. oxidative phosphorylation
d. urea cycle
a. citric acid cycle
66
In addition to the production of NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide FADH, the Krebs cycle results in the direct formation of an energy-rich compound called ______.
a. thiamine triphosphate
b. cytosine triphosphate
c. guanosine triphosphate
d. uracil triphosphate
c. guanosine triphosphate
67
The process of aerobic production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known as ______.
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. glycolysis
c. tyrosine phosphorylation
d. lipolysis
a. oxidative phosphorylation
68
The net adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production of glycolysis was ______ ATP per glucose molecule.
a. two
b. one
c. four
d. three
a. two
69
Entry into the Krebs cycle requires the preparation of ______.
a. acetyl-CoA
b. phosphoenolpyruvate
c. malonyl-CoA
d. phosphoglycerate
a. acetyl-CoA
70
Enzymes that function independent of modulators are known as allosteric enzymes.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Reason: This is false. Enzymes that are regulated by modulators are called allosteric enzymes. Modulators affect enzyme activity.
71
When exercise begins, ______ levels rise and enhance phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity, which serves to increase the rate of glycolysis.
a. GMP + Pi
b. AMP + Pi
c. GDP + Pi
d. ADP + Pi
d. ADP + Pi
72
Increased levels of ______ in the mitochondria stimulate isocitrate dehydrogenase activity.
a. potassium
b. sodium
c. magnesium
d. calcium
d. calcium
73
The direct formation of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in the Krebs cycle is called ______.
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. protein phosphorylation
c. substrate-level phosphorylation
d. tyrosine phosphorylation
c. substrate-level phosphorylation
74
Glycolysis can produce two adenosine triphosphate (ATP) directly via substrate-level phosphorylation and an additional five ATP by the energy contained in the two molecules of ______.
a. glycogen
b. FADH
c. NADH
d. pyruvate
c. NADH
75
______ are substances that increase or decrease enzyme activity.
a. Receptors
b. Effectors
c. Modulators
d. Activators
c. Modulators
76
The most important rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis is ______.
a. triose phosphate isomerase
b. phosphoglycerate mutase
c. phosphofructokinase
d. hexokinase
c. phosphofructokinase
77
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by ______.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. GTP
d. GDP
b. ATP
78
The rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle is ______.
a. pyruvate carboxylase
b. citrate synthase
c. succinic dehydrogenase
d. isocitrate dehydrogenase
d. isocitrate dehydrogenase
79
Measurement of O2 consumption, an index of aerobic ______ production, provides an estimate of the body's "baseline" energy requirement when the body is at rest.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. GTP
d. GDP
b. ATP
80
Which of the terms applies to the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise?
a. Oxygen deficit
b. Oxygen borrowing
c. Oxygen debt
d. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
a. Oxygen deficit
81
The ______ does not fall instantaneously from the steady-state value measured during the exercise to the resting-state value that can be associated with standing by a treadmill.
a. metabolic rate
b. blood pressure
c. plasma glucagon level
d. body mass index
a. metabolic rate
82
Historically, the term _______ ________ has been applied to the elevated oxygen uptake (above resting levels) following exercise.
oxygen debt
83
The slow portion of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) persists for greater than ______ minutes following prolonged or very heavy exercise.
a. 10
b. 30
c. 20
d. 5
b. 30
84
During resting conditions, a healthy human body's energy requirement is ______.
a. high
b. constant
c. variable
d. irregular
b. constant
85
In general, the ______ supplies all the needed ATP for severe exercise lasting 1 to 15 seconds.
a. ETC system
b. TCA cycle
c. Krebs cycle
d. ATP-PC system
d. ATP-PC system
86
Oxygen deficit can be specifically defined as the difference between ______ in the first few minutes of exercise and an equal time period after steady state has been obtained.
a. glycogen depletion
b. oxygen uptake
c. glucose utilization
d. partial pressure of oxygen
b. oxygen uptake
87
The energy to perform a long-term exercise for more than ten minutes is produced primarily from ______.
a. the C4 carbon fixation pathway
b. aerobic metabolism
c. the glyoxylate cycle
d. anaerobic metabolism
b. aerobic metabolism
88
The metabolic rate of an individual remains elevated for several minutes immediately following an exercise.
a. True
b. False
a. True
89
The term "oxygen debt" has now been replaced by ______.
a. arteriovenous oxygen difference
b. oxygen saturation
c. excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
d. oxygen equivalent
c. excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
90
An intense exercise that lasts longer than 15 seconds begins to utilize the ATP-producing capability of ______.
a. the C3 carbon fixation pathway
b. the TCA cycle
c. glycolysis
d. glycogenesis
c. glycolysis
91
In the context of prolonged exercise, a steady-state oxygen uptake can generally be maintained during ______ exercise.
a. strength training
b. high-intensity
c. anaerobic
d. moderate-intensity
d. moderate-intensity
92
Exercise physiologists use incremental exercise tests to determine a subject's ______.
a. cardiovascular fitness
b. insulin resistance
c. neuroendocrine responses
d. heat tolerance levels
a. cardiovascular fitness
93
Incremental exercise tests involve increasing the work rate by decreasing the incline on a treadmill.
a. True
b. False
b. False
Reason: Incremental exercise tests involve an increase in work rate by increasing either the speed or the incline on a treadmill.
94
The maximal capacity to transport and utilize oxygen during exercise is known as ________ ________ ________ (VO2 max).
maximal oxygen consumption
95
The ______ portion of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) immediately follows an exercise.
a. rapid
b. decline
c. saturation
d. slow
a. rapid
96
A factor that influences VO2 max depends on the muscle's ability to ______.
a. store high levels of phosphocreatine
b. produce ATP by anaerobic pathways
c. prevent breakdown of glycogen stores
d. take up oxygen and produce ATP aerobically
d. take up oxygen and produce ATP aerobically
97
The more widely adopted term for the sudden rise in lactate levels in the blood is the ________ ________, which was known as anaerobic threshold previously.
lactate threshold
98
Incremental exercise tests are often employed by physicians to examine patients for possible ______ disease.
a. lung
b. kidney
c. heart
d. liver
c. heart
99
______ contribute to less than 2% of the substrate used during exercise of less than one hour's duration.
a. Vitamins
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Minerals
b. Proteins
100
Incremental exercise tests are usually conducted using ______.
a. a Smith machine or rack machine
b. resistance bands
c. a treadmill or cycle ergometer
d. dumbbells
c. a treadmill or cycle ergometer
101
As the exercise intensity increases, there is an intensity at which the energy derived from carbohydrate exceeds that of fat. This work rate has been labeled as the ______.
a. equilibrium phase
b. threshold phase
c. crossover point
d. saturation point
c. crossover point
102
Measuring the ______ is considered by many exercise physiologists to be the most valid measurement of cardiovascular fitness.
a. lactate threshold
b. basal metabolic rate
c. oxygen debt
d. VO2 max
d. VO2 max
103
The maximum ability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the ______ is known to influence VO2 max.
a. lymphatic tissue
b. brain
c. liver
d. contracting muscle
d. contracting muscle
104
Identify the term often defined as the exercise intensity (or oxygen consumption) at which a specific blood lactate concentration is reached.
a. Maximal oxygen uptake or VO2 max
b. Onset of blood lactate accumulation
c. Blood lactate threshold
d. Oxygen debt
b. Onset of blood lactate accumulation
105
______ is the primary energy source during high-intensity exercise.
a. Protein
b. Carbohydrate
c. Nucleic acid
d. Fat
b. Carbohydrate
106
Identify the function of lipases.
a. It breaks down long chain fatty acids to acetyl CoA.
b. It breaks down triglycerides to form free fatty acids and glycerol.
c. It catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
d. It converts squalene to lanosterol for cholesterol synthesis.
b. It breaks down triglycerides to form free fatty acids and glycerol.
107
As the exercise intensity increases above the crossover point, a progressive shift occurs from ______ metabolism.
a. fat to carbohydrate
b. carbohydrate to nucleic acid
c. carbohydrate to protein
d. protein to fat
a. fat to carbohydrate
108
Depletion of muscle and blood carbohydrate stores results in ______.
a. muscular dystrophy
b. muscular fatigue
c. hypertonia
d. ataxia
b. muscular fatigue
109
______ glycogen stores mainly serve as a means of replacing blood glucose levels.
a. Kidney
b. Heart
c. Liver
d. Muscle
c. Liver
110
Which of the following hormones stimulate lipase activity? (More than one option may be correct.)
a. Norepinephrine
b. Oxytocin
c. Epinephrine
d. Insulin
e. Glucagon
a. Norepinephrine
c. Epinephrine
e. Glucagon
111
Which of the following energy sources play a greater role during low-intensity exercise?
a. Muscle glycogen
b. Blood glucose
c. Blood creatinine
d. Muscle phosphocreatine
b. Blood glucose
112
During prolonged exercise of more than two hours, the muscle and liver stores of ______ can reach very low levels.
a. glycogen
b. creatine
c. trehalose
d. amylose
a. glycogen
113
Most fat in the body is stored in the form of ______ in adipocytes.
a. free fatty acids
b. triglycerides
c. glycerols
d. phospholipids
b. triglycerides
114
Muscle glycogen stores in the body provide a direct source of carbohydrate for muscle energy metabolism.
a. True
b. False
a. True
Reason: Muscle glycogen stores in the body provide a direct source of carbohydrate for muscle energy metabolism.
115
In the liver, the amino acid ______ can be converted to glucose and returned via the blood to skeletal muscle to be utilized as a substrate for producing energy.
a. threonine
b. cysteine
c. glutamine
d. alanine
d. alanine
116
Muscle ______ is the primary carbohydrate energy source during high-intensity exercise.
a. lactate
b. creatine
c. pyruvate
d. glycogen
d. glycogen
117
When an individual consumes more food than he or she can expend, this additional energy is stored in the form of ______.
a. phosphocreatine
b. protein
c. acetyl coenzyme A
d. fat
d. fat
118
During exercise, the skeletal muscle can directly metabolize ______ amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine to produce ATP.
a. charged
b. aromatic
c. branched-chain
d. sulfur-containing
c. branched-chain
119
In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the contribution of
a. aerobic energy production.
b. anaerobic energy production.
c. the Krebs cycle to the production of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
d. None of the above answers are correct
b. anaerobic energy production.
120
The two most important electron carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions are
a. NAD and ATP.
b. FAD and ATP.
c. NAD and FAD.
d. NAD and LDH.
c. NAD and FAD.
121
VO2 max is determined by
a. the maximum ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver arterial blood to the contracting muscle.
b. the ability of the muscle to take up and use oxygen to produce ATP.
c. Both A and B are correct.
d. None of the above answers are correct.
c. Both A and B are correct.
122
Energy to run a 40-yard dash comes
a. almost exclusively from the ATP-PC system.
b. exclusively from glycolysis.
c. almost exclusively from aerobic metabolism.
d. from a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with most of the ATP being produced aerobically.
a. almost exclusively from the ATP-PC system.
123
As exercise intensity increases, there is a progressive increase in the reliance of carbohydrate metabolism in the exercising skeletal muscles. This observation is described as the
a. substrate shift phenomenon.
b. RQ effect.
c. crossover concept.
d. glycolytic surge.
c. crossover concept.
124
Removal of lactic acid following a bout of intense exercise is
a. more rapid if the subject rests, compared to performing light exercise.
b. more rapid if the subject performs heavy exercise (>70% VO2 max), compared to rest.
c. more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (^30% VO2 max), compared to rest.
d. the same whether the subject rests or performs light exercise (^30% VO2 max).
c. more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (^30% VO2 max), compared to rest.
125
Indirect calorimetry is a means of determining energy expenditure and involves the measurement of
oxygen consumption.
126
One MET is defined as a metabolic equivalent and is equal to
resting VO2.
127
The total ATP tally from the aerobic breakdown of glucose is
32 ATP.
128
The rate-limiting enzyme in the Krebs cycle is
isocitrate dehydrogenase.
129
Rate-limiting enzymes are often located
near the beginning of a metabolic pathway.
130
The process of breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called
lipolysis.
131
Which of the following exercise intensities would rely primarily on carbohydrate as a fuel source?
a. 30% of VO2 max.
b. 40% of VO2 max.
c. 55% of VO2 max.
d. 90% of VO2 max.
d. 90% of VO2 max.
132
The bioenergetic pathway that first provides ATP for skeletal muscle at the onset of exercise is
the ATP-PC system.
133
During the "rapid" portion of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the excess VO2 is primarily due to
restoration of muscle CP and replacement of blood and muscle oxygen stores.
134
The measurement of oxygen consumption during exercise can provide an estimate of metabolic rate. The rationale behind the use of oxygen consumption to estimate metabolic rate is that:
a direct relationship exists between oxygen consumed, energy expenditure, and the amount of heat produced in the body.
135
The metabolic process of converting foodstuffs into a biological usable form of energy is called
bioenergetics.
136
The fats stored in muscle and adipose tissue that play an important role as an energy substrate are
triglycerides.
137
Each pair of electrons passed through the electron transport chain from NADH to oxygen releases enough energy to produce
2.5 ATP.
138
Energy to run a 40-yard dash comes almost exclusively from
the ATP-PC system.
139
Removal of lactic acid following a bout of intense exercise is more rapid if the subject
performs light exercise (~30% VO2 max), compared to rest.
