Module 2 Flashcards by Penny Jones

Why is the immune system important to the body?

a. It mediates the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
b. It maintains homeostasis in the body.
c. It helps in the regeneration of neurons.
d. It helps in the secretion of neurotransmitters.

b. It maintains homeostasis in the body.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Currently, ______ are among the most common types of infections worldwide.

a. urinary tract infections
b. upper respiratory tract infections
c. lower respiratory tract infections
d. gastrointestinal tract infections

b. upper respiratory tract infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The field of exercise ______ ______ is defined as the study of exercise, psychological, and environmental influences on immune function.

exercise immunology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the average duration of a moderate-intensity workout that prevents a person from URTIs?

a. 20-40 minutes
b. 10-20 minutes
c. 45-60 minutes
d. 30-60 minutes

a. 20-40 minutes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stress hormones depress the production and function of ______.

a. B-cells
b. T-cells
c. neutrophils
d. basophils

b. T-cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ______ system recognizes and destroys foreign agents in the body.

a. circulatory
b. digestive
c. nervous
d. immune

d. immune

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify the conditions of illness under which it is not recommended to exercise. (More than one option may be correct.)

a. Fever
b. Stomach pain
c. Widespread muscle aches
d. A mild sore throat
e. A runny nose

a. Fever
b. Stomach pain
c. Widespread muscle aches

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The upper respiratory tract infections are commonly referred to as ______.

a. sinusitis
b. asthmas
c. bronchospasms
d. colds

d. colds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The important topics of exercise immunology deal with the ______.

a. effects of exercise on resistance to infection
b. differentiation of stem cells into leukocytes
c. identification of virus-infected particles in the bloodstream
d. production of immunoglobulins in the bone marrow

a. effects of exercise on resistance to infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify the class of individuals who are less prone to colds (URTIs).

a. Those who engage in moderate-intensity workouts
b. Those who engage in high-intensity workouts
c. Those who engage in low-intensity workouts
d. Those who do not engage in any form of workouts

a. Those who engage in moderate-intensity workouts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High levels of cortisol can inhibit the function of specific cytokines and suppress the function of ______.

a. natural killer cells
b. red blood cells
c. mucosal epithelial cells
d. squamous epithelial cells

a. natural killer cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It was observed in post-mortem analyses that the number of alpha motor neurons is reduced by 50% by the age of ______ as compared to younger counterparts.

a. 53
b. 45
c. 60
d. 85

c. 60

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following symptoms of a cold are typically okay for exercise? (More than one option may be correct.)

a. A runny nose
b. Cough
c. Nasal congestion
d. Chest congestion

a. A runny nose
c. Nasal congestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exercise reduces several peripheral risk factors for cognitive decline, including inflammation, hypertension, and insulin resistance.

a. True
b. False

a. True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify the true statements about motor unit aging. (More than one option may be correct.)

a. Age-related neurologic decline accelerates in most individuals once they reach the age of 45 to 55.
b. Lifelong exercise training is a potent preventative measure for limiting age-related declines in neuromuscular function.
c. There is clear evidence that exercise leads to the restoration of motor units that were previously lost to the aging process.
d. Motor unit aging translates to declines in reflex response times, peak power, and peak force generation.

b. Lifelong exercise training is a potent preventative measure for limiting age-related declines in neuromuscular function.
d. Motor unit aging translates to declines in reflex response times, peak power, and peak force generation.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regular aerobic exercise promotes a cascade of brain signaling events that ______.

a. attenuates brain vascular function and blood flow
b. halts the formation of new neurons
c. enhances learning and memory
d. stimulates the mechanisms driving depression

c. enhances learning and memory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Besides transporting nutrients, the cardiorespiratory system also aids in ______.

a. growth and development
b. temperature regulation
c. sensory processing
d. metabolism regulation

b. temperature regulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The right side of the heart is separated from the left side by a muscular wall, which prevents the mixing of blood from the two sides of the heart. This muscular wall is called the ______.

a. interventricular septum
b. pulmonary trunk
c. semilunar valve
d. atrioventricular valve

a. interventricular septum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The heart is two pumps in one. It pumps blood via two circuits called the ______ circuits.

a. central and peripheral
b. afferent and efferent
c. pulmonary and systemic
d. sympathetic and parasympathetic

c. pulmonary and systemic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to ______.

a. regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, and reproduction
b. deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and remove wastes from tissues
c. remove wastes and maintain homeostasis to prevent damage
d. collect and transport tissue fluids from the intercellular spaces to the veins in the blood

b. deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and remove wastes from tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The arteries and veins are continuous with each other through smaller vessels. Thus, the human circulatory system is considered a(n) ______ system.

a. closed
b. open
c. mixed venous blood
d. nonvascular

a. closed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During the cardiac cycle, atrial contraction occurs during ventricular systole.

a. True
b. False

b. False

Reason: This is false. During the cardiac cycle, atrial contraction occurs during ventricular diastole.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The heart muscle that is responsible for contracting and forcing blood out of the heart is the ______.

a. endocardium
b. epicardium
c. pericardium
d. myocardium

d. myocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The normal blood pressure of an adult male is ______.

a. 160/100
b. 110/70
c. 120/80
d. 150/90

c. 120/80

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Identify the equation for calculating the mean arterial blood pressure. a. Cardiac output × total vascular resistance b. Heart rate × stroke volume c. Heart rate × pulse pressure d. Diastolic blood pressure × total blood volume

a. Cardiac output × total vascular resistance

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called ______. a. ventricular pressure b. average pressure c. arterial pressure d. pulse pressure

d. pulse pressure

Analysis of an electrocardiogram (ECG) during exercise is often used in the diagnosis of ______. a. nephrotic syndrome b. asthma c. diabetes d. coronary artery disease

d. coronary artery disease

Cardiac output is the product of the ______. a. pulse pressure and the end-diastolic volume b. total blood volume and the end-diastolic volume c. heart rate and the stroke volume d. pulse rate and the average blood pressure

c. heart rate and the stroke volume

The mean arterial blood pressure decreases with increases in blood viscosity and blood volume. a. True b. False

b. False Reason: This is false. An increase in physiological factors such as cardiac output, blood volume, resistance to flow, and blood viscosity will lead to an increase in the mean arterial blood pressure.

Impulses from various parts of the circulatory system relative to changes in important parameters are received by the cardiovascular ______, which in turn relays motor impulses to the heart in response to a changing cardiovascular need. a. node b. internodal region c. septum d. control center

d. control center

A wide variation in resting heart rate variation (HRV) is considered to be a good index of a(n) ______. a. healthy balance in autonomic regulation b. decreased risk of blood disorders c. increased risk of future c. cardiovascular events imbalance in autonomic regulation

a. healthy balance in autonomic regulation

A recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle is called a(n) ______ (ECG).

electrocardiogram

The strength of ventricular contraction increases with an enlargement of the end-diastolic volume. This relationship is known as the ______. a. Frank-Starling law of the heart b. Fick equation c. all-or-none law of the heart d. Law of Laplace

a. Frank-Starling law of the heart

During exercise in the upright position, the increase in cardiac output is due to an increase in ______. a. stroke volume alone b. both heart rate and stroke volume c. heart rate alone d. both heart rate and blood pressure

b. both heart rate and stroke volume

At rest, a normal balance between parasympathetic tone and sympathetic activity to the heart is maintained by the ______. a. sinoatrial node b. interventricular septum c. atrioventricular node d. cardiovascular control center

d. cardiovascular control center

The variation in the time between heartbeats is referred to as ______. a. pulse pressure variability b. cardiac output c. pulse rate d. heart rate variability

d. heart rate variability

Identify the variables that regulate stroke volume, at rest or during exercise. (More than one option may be correct.) a. The average ventricular blood pressure b. The strength of ventricular contraction c. The strength of arterial contraction d. The average aortic blood pressure e. The end-diastolic volume

b. The strength of ventricular contraction d. The average aortic blood pressure e. The end-diastolic volume

Increased oxygen delivery to the exercising skeletal muscles is accomplished by increasing cardiac output and redistributing blood flow from the ______. a. smooth muscles b. inactive organs c. brain to the skeletal muscles d. brain to the heart

b. inactive organs

The formula that can estimate the decrease in maximal heart rate with age in young adults is ______. a. 220 – age (years) b. 220 – 0.7 × age (years) c. 208 – 0.7 × age (years) d. 208 – age (years)

a. 220 – age (years)

The relationship between cardiac output, arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference, and oxygen uptake is given by the ______. a. all-or-none law b. Fick equation c. Law of Laplace d. Starling mechanism

b. Fick equation

During maximal exercise, the total cardiac output that goes toward contracting skeletal muscle is ______. a. 80% to 85% b. 15% to 20% c. 45% to 50% d. 95% to 100%

a. 80% to 85%

Skeletal muscle vasodilation increases blood flow by reducing ______. a. stroke volume b. vascular resistance c. blood volume d. cardiac output

b. vascular resistance

During intense exercise, the metabolic need for oxygen in skeletal muscle increases many times over the resting value. To meet this rise in oxygen demand, there should be an increase in ______. a. blood flow to the contracting muscle b. blood diverted from the brain to the heart c. the viscosity of blood d. blood diverted from the brain to the skeletal muscles

a. blood flow to the contracting muscle

The formula used to calculate maximal heart rate in children is ______. a. 208 – 0.7 × age (years) b. 220 – 0.7 x age (years) c. 220 – age (years) d. 208 – age (years)

a. 208 – 0.7 × age (years)

VO2 is equal to the product of cardiac output and the a − v⎯⎯O2 difference. This relationship is called the ______. a. Fick equation b. Law of Laplace c. all-or-none law d. Starling mechanism

a. Fick equation

During heavy exercise, there is an increase in the ______. a. abdominal blood flow b. percentage of total cardiac output received by the brain c. percentage of total cardiac output that reaches the myocardium d. total coronary blood flow

d. total coronary blood flow

Identify the true statements about pressure and volume responses to exercise. (More than one option may be correct.) a. During exercise, an elevation in cardiac output requires an increase in stroke volume. b. During exercise, the heart exhibits longer durations for systole and diastole periods. c. Exercise-induced increases in cardiac output also require an intensity-dependent increase in systolic blood pressure. d. Exercise-induced increases in cardiac output also require an intensity-dependent increase in diastolic blood pressure.

a. During exercise, an elevation in cardiac output requires an increase in stroke volume. c. Exercise-induced increases in cardiac output also require an intensity-dependent increase in systolic blood pressure.

At the beginning of exercise, the initial skeletal vasodilation that occurs is due to an intrinsic metabolic control. This type of blood flow regulation is termed ______.

autoregulation

Identify the results of submaximal exercise in an emotionally charged atmosphere. (More than one option may be correct.) a. High blood pressures b. Low blood pressures c. Low heart rates d. High heart rates

a. High blood pressures d. High heart rates

Which of the following is true of pressure and volume responses to exercise? a. In healthy individuals, diastolic blood pressure does not change appreciably between rest and exercise. b. Exercise is marked by a decreased end diastolic volume and an increased end systolic volume. c. During exercise, the heart exhibits longer durations of isovolumetric contraction and relaxation periods. d. In healthy individuals, systolic blood pressure does not change appreciably between rest and exercise.

a. In healthy individuals, diastolic blood pressure does not change appreciably between rest and exercise.

The practical application of the double product is that this measure can be used as a guideline to prescribe exercise for patients with coronary artery blockage. a. True b. False

a. True Reason: This is true. The practical application of the double product is that it can be used as a guideline to prescribe exercise for patients with coronary artery blockage. This would reduce the risk of the patients developing chest pain due to a high metabolic demand on the heart.

The emotional elevation in heart rate and blood pressure response to submaximal exercise in an emotionally charged atmosphere is mediated by a(n) ______. a. increase in parasympathetic nervous system activity b. decrease in bronchial circulation c. increase in sympathetic nervous system activity d. decrease in vascular congestion

c. increase in sympathetic nervous system activity

Recovery from long-term exercise is relatively slow when ______. a. an athlete's body is properly hydrated b. the exercise is performed in hot/humid conditions c. the exercise is performed in cold conditions d. an athlete's basal body temperature is low

b. the exercise is performed in hot/humid conditions

At the same oxygen uptake, arm work results in ______. a. higher heart rate and blood pressure b. lower heart rate and blood pressure c. higher total blood volume d. lower vascular resistance

a. higher heart rate and blood pressure

If intermittent exercise is intense or the work is performed in a hot/humid environment, there is a(n) ______. a. large exaggerated increase in stroke volume b. increase in heart rate referred to as cardiovascular drift c. cumulative increase in heart rate and recovery is not complete d. complete recovery between exercise bouts within several minutes

c. cumulative increase in heart rate and recovery is not complete

What are the causes of cardiovascular drift? (More than one option may be correct.) a. A reduction in plasma volume b. The vasodilation of inactive muscle groups c. The influence of rising body temperature on dehydration d. An increase in blood volume

a. A reduction in plasma volume c. The influence of rising body temperature on dehydration

The double product, also known as rate-pressure product, is computed by multiplying heart rate times ______. a. stroke volume b. diastolic blood pressure c. mean arterial pressure d. systolic blood pressure

d. systolic blood pressure

According to the central command theory, the fine-tuning of the cardiovascular response to a given exercise test is accomplished via a series of feedback loops. a. True b. False

a. True Reason: This is true. According to the central command theory, the fine-tuning of the cardiovascular response to a given exercise test is accomplished via a series of feedback loops from muscle chemoreceptors, muscle mechanoreceptors, and arterial baroreceptors. The fact that there appears to be some overlap among these three feedback systems during submaximal exercise suggests that redundancy in cardiovascular control exists.

The relatively large increase in blood pressure during arm work is due to ______. a. vasodilation of veins and venules b. vasoconstriction of veins and venules c. vasodilation in the inactive muscle groups d. vasoconstriction in the inactive muscle groups

d. vasoconstriction in the inactive muscle groups

During interval training, the extent of the recovery of heart rate and blood pressure between bouts depends on the environmental conditions, the level of subject fitness, and the ______. a. duration and intensity of the exercise b. body mass index of the participant c. end-diastolic volume d. withdrawal of the parasympathetic tone

a. duration and intensity of the exercise

The increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume observed during prolonged exercise is often referred to as ______ ______.

cardiovascular drift

The central command theory proposes that the initial signal to the cardiovascular system at the beginning of exercise comes from ______. a. muscle chemoreceptors b. the respiratory centers c. the higher brain centers d. arterial baroreceptors

c. the higher brain centers

The J-shaped relationship between the intensity of exercise and the risk of URTI suggests that the risk URTI is lowest in people who _________. a. are sedentary. b. engage in moderate exercise. c. engage in vigorous exercise. d. None of these answers is correct.

b. engage in moderate exercise.

The muscle of the heart is referred to as the _________. a. pericardium b. myocardium c. epicardium d. endocardium

b. myocardium

In a healthy heart, the time spent in systole is generally _________ diastole.

shorter than

The fact that an increase in end-diastolic ventricular volume increases the stroke volume of the heart is an illustration of the _________. a. influence of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac output. b. Frank-Starling law of the heart. c. influence of atrioventricular node on cardiac output. d. influence of blood pressure on cardiac output.

b. Frank-Starling law of the heart.

The arterial-venous oxygen difference _________. a. increases as a function of exercise intensity. b. does not change during exercise. c. decreases as the exercise intensity increases. d. is highest during submaximal exercise.

a. increases as a function of exercise intensity.

The term ventilation refers to the ______. a. evaporation of water within the airways. b. random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. c. mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. d. oxygenation of blood as it travels through the lungs.

c. mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

People infected with SARS-Cov-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, have better clinical outcomes if they are _________. a. results in a depression of the acquired immune system. b. does not have a negative impact on the function of key cells involved in immune function. c. results in a depression of the innate immune system. d. both results in a depression of the acquired immune system and results in a depression of the innate immune system are correct.

b. does not have a negative impact on the function of key cells involved in immune function.

Immunosenescence is a decreased immune function in _________. a. children. b. athletes. c. sedentary adults. d. the elderly.

d. the elderly.

Sympatholysis refers to _________. a. local inhibition of parasympathetic-induced vasoconstriction. b. local inhibition of sympathetic-induced vasoconstriction. c. increased parasympathetic-induced vasodilation. d. increased sympathetic-induced vasodilation.

b. local inhibition of sympathetic-induced vasoconstriction.

Skeletal and cardiac muscle are similar in which of the following ways? a. both muscles contain type I, IIa, and IIx fibers b. both muscles are under voluntary control c. both muscles contain fibers that are branched d. both muscles are composed of striated fibers containing actin and myosin

d. both muscles are composed of striated fibers containing actin and myosin

The relationship between oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and the arterial-venous oxygen difference is described mathematically by the _________. a. Hill equation. b. Fenn equation. c. Fick equation. d. Frank-Starling law.

c. Fick equation.

b. Frank-Starling law of the heart.

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs a. across approximately 300 million alveoli. b. in the conducting zone. c. in the respiratory zone. d. Both A and C are correct answers

d. Both A and C are correct answers

______ ______ refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the environment.

External respiration

Both the right and the left lungs are enclosed by a set of membranes called ______. a. myocardium b. pleura c. diaphragm d. alveoli

b. pleura

The conducting zone of the respiratory system not only serves as a passageway for air, but also functions to ______. a. exchange gases between air and blood b. regulate acid-base balance during exercise c. prevent the collapse of alveoli d. filter, warm, and humidify the air

d. filter, warm, and humidify the air

Which of the following processes occur during the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lung and blood? (More than one option may be correct.) a. Ventilation b. Diffusion c. Advection d. Radiation

a. Ventilation b. Diffusion

Identify a structure that is a part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system. a. Pleural cavity b. Alveolar sacs c. Bronchi d. Trachea

b. Alveolar sacs

In the respiratory system, the movement of respiratory gases in the blood between the lungs and the cells of the body is known as ______ ______.

circulatory transport

The human respiratory system is composed of a group of passages that filter air and transport it into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs within tiny air sacs called ______. a. alveoli b. larynx c. pharynx d. pleura

a. alveoli

Movement of air from the environment to the lungs is called pulmonary ventilation and occurs via a process known as ______ ______.

bulk flow

Identify a structure in the conducting zone of the human respiratory system. a. Alveolar sacs b. Trachea c. Esophagus d. Visceral pleura

b. Trachea

The major muscle of inspiration, which causes an increase in the volume of the chest, is the ______. a. diaphragm b. pleura c. pharynx d. larynx

a. diaphragm

The function of the respiratory zone is to ______. a. house the major muscle of inspiration b. filter, warm, and humidify the air coming from the lungs c. act as the site of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood d. enable the movement of air from the environment to the lungs

c. act as the site of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood

At rest, the process of expiration ______. a. leads to an increase in chest volume b. requires no muscular effort c. is active and requires ATP production d. is controlled by the diaphragm

b. requires no muscular effort

Bulk flow is the movement of molecules along a passageway due to ______. a. a pressure difference between the ends of the passageway b. neural impulses from the brain c. gravitational force d. a concentration difference in the molecules

a. a pressure difference between the ends of the passageway

The most important variable contributing to airway resistance is the ______. a. volume of O2 b. diameter of the airway c. volume of CO2 d. rate of exchange of the gases

b. diameter of the airway

During inspiration, when the diaphragm contracts, it ______. a. increases intrapleural pressure b. pushes the ribs downward and inward c. forces the abdominal contents downward and forward d. results in a decrease in the volume of the chest

c. forces the abdominal contents downward and forward

During active expiration, the muscles in the abdominal wall work to ______. a. push the diaphragm upward b. reduce intrapleural pressure c. increase the volume of the chest d. push the ribs outward

a. push the diaphragm upward

Airflow through the pulmonary system is increased anytime there is a decrease in ______. a. the airway pressure b. the pressure gradient c. vascular resistance d. airway resistance

d. airway resistance

Like the muscular–skeletal system and the cardiovascular system, the lungs also undergo adaptive changes in response to regular endurance exercise. a. True b. False

b. False Reason: This is false. It is well known that the muscular–skeletal system and the cardiovascular system undergo adaptive changes in response to regular endurance exercise. In contrast, the lungs do not adapt to exercise.

Growing evidence suggests that the pulmonary system may limit exercise performance during ______ exercise at sea level. a. low-intensity b. submaximal c. high-intensity d. moderate-intensity

c. high-intensity

The adaptability of pulmonary structures to endurance training is substantially less than the muscular-skeletal system and the cardiovascular system because the ______. a. lungs lack undifferentiated precursor cells b. structural capacity of the normal lung is overbuilt c. lungs cannot manage to maintain blood–gas homeostasis during exercise d. functional capacity of the normal lung is underbuilt

b. structural capacity of the normal lung is overbuilt

Research confirms that during high-intensity exercise, ______. a. hypoxia does not occur b. respiratory muscles resist fatigue c. arterial oxygen content does not decrease d. respiratory muscle fatigue does occur

d. respiratory muscle fatigue does occur

An acute bout of prolonged and/or high-intensity exercise may have a temporary depressive effect on the immune system. This response may be due to _________. a. decreased blood levels of B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells. b. decreases in killer cell activity. c. decreases in nasal neutrophil phagocytosis. d. All of these answers are correct.

d. All of these answers are correct.

A lifestyle factor that can have a negative impact on immune function includes _________. a. inadequate nutrition. b. mental stress. c. poor sleep habits. d. All these answers are correct.

d. All these answers are correct.

Repeated sport-related traumatic brain injuries (i.e., concussions) are associated with a higher risk of developing _________. a. dementia b. Alzheimer’s disease c. impaired mental function d. All of these answers are correct

d. All of these answers are correct