Module 1 Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
What purpose do proteins serve?
A
They carry out essentially all the important functions in our bodies
Ex: digest our food, contract our muscles, fire our neurons, and power our immune system
2
Q
the basic building blocks of proteins, and they serve as the nitrogenous backbones for compounds like neurotransmitters and hormones are called?
A
Amino acids
3
Q
The Scientific Method?
A
A structured way of finding information about observable events in nature
4
Q
What is a hypothesis?
A
An speculated answer to a well framed question
5
Q
A hypothesis must be…?
A
Testable and Falsifiable
6
Q
What are the main types of scientific inquiry?
A
-Discovery Science
-Hypothesis-based science
7
Q
What is discovery science?
A
A scientific inquiry that describes natural structures and processes
8
Q
What is hypothesis-based science?
A
A scientific inquiry based on observations made that lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called hypothesis
9
Q
What approach does discovery science take on?
A
A observation and analysis of data based approach. Just “observe and report” style
10
Q
What approach do hypothesis-based sciences take on?
A
Takes on a “textbook” scientific method approach, but rarely follow all the ordered steps
11
Q
What is the difference between a Theory and Law?
A
A theory refers to when there is an overwhelming amount of evidence that supports the idea, while a law gives us a mathematical formula which we can then use to calculate and predict how something will behave each and every time
12
Q
Types of Data?
A
-Qualitative
-Quantitative
13
Q
Qualitative data?
A
Data described in descriptions rather than measurements
14
Q
Quantitative data?
A
Data recorded as measurements, sometimes organized into tables and graphs
15
Q
Biology is
A
The scientific study of life
16
Q
What are the characteristics of life?
A
-Adapation
-Irritability
-Reproduction
-Growth & Development
-Utilization of Energy
-Homeostasis
17
Q
Zoology refers to?
A
the study of animals
18
Q
Botany refers to?
A
the study of plants
19
Q
Mycology refers to?
A
the study of fungi
20
Q
Protistology refers to?
A
the study of protists
21
Q
Bacteriology refers to?
A
the study of bacteria
22
Q
Virology refers to?
A
the study of viruses
23
Q
Cytology refers to?
A
the study of cells
24
Q
Histology refers to?
A
the study of tissues
25
Anatomy refers to?
the study of the body's structure
26
Physiology refers to?
the study of the body's function
27
Pathology refers to?
the study of disease
28
The order of the Hierarchical organization of life?
Biosphere -> Ecosystems -> Communities -> Populations -> Organisms -> Organ Systems -> Organs -> Tissue -> Cells -> Organelles -> molecules and atoms
29
If you know the structure of something...
you start to make reasonable estimates to what it's function is, vice versa
30
What is a system, biologically speaking
a combination of components that work/function together
31
What are the 3 Domains of Life?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya
32
What subatomic particle is responsible for the chemical properties of an atom?
the Electron
33
what types of chemical bonds are there?
1.Covalent
2.Ionic
3.Hydrogen
4.other
34
what is the strongest type of chemical bond?
a covalent bond
35
what is the weakest type of chemical bond?
hydrogen or other
36
How are covalent bonds formed?
by sharing 2 or more electrons between 2 or more elements
37
What is electronegativity?
the measure of the drawing power/affinity for electrons
38
What 2 atoms have the highest electronegativity and ones to pay attention to?
Oxygen and Nitrogen, they will win every "tug of war"
39
Which 2 atoms have an even electronegativity?
Carbon and Hydrogen
40
Non-polar covalent bond?
when 2 atoms share their electrons equally
41
Polar covalent bond?
when electrons are shared between 2 atoms unequally
42
Ionic bonds are..?
the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
43
What are ions?
charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
44
What kind of appearance do ionic bonds create?
They form crystals
45
Inert Elements?
elements that have their outer most energy level fully occupied by electrons
46
What is the Valence shell?
outermost energy level`
47
Electron shells?
Energy levels that surround the nucleus of atoms
48
How do bonds form?
by using the electrons in the outermost energy level
49
Hydrogen bonds are..?
incredibly weak, but essential for life
50
Chemical reactions..?
are the making and breaking of chemical bonds
51
Are chemical reactions reversible?
Yes, all of them are
52
How do we identify chemical equilibrium?
when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal
53
What are the properties of water?
-High degree of Cohesion
-High surface tension
-High Specific Heat
-Heat Vaporization
-Polar solvent properties
-Reactivity
54
What is cohesion?
the measure of attraction that molecules in the solution will have towards each other
55
What is surface tension?
the measure of how difficult it is to break through the surface of a liquid
56
How are surface tension and cohesion related?
If molecules stick together, or have a high amount of cohesion, they will also have a high degree of surface tension; especially when it comes to water
57
Water has the ability to..?
form hydrogen bonds
58
Heat of vaporization is..
the energy it takes to go from a liquid state to a gaseous state
59
Solute is?
dissolved particles
60
Solvent is?
the dissolving medium,
61
when something is hydrophobic.. is it polar?
no, it is non-polar
62
when something is hydrophilic.. it is polar?
yes
63
Reactivity
an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
64
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Saccharides or monosaccarides
65
what are the building blocks of proteins?
animo acids
66
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
67
Ways to test for carbohydrates?
1.For sugar-benedicts test
2.For starch-Lugols Test
68
How to test for proteins?
biuret test, requires heat
69
How to test for lipids?
Sudan IV
70
How do you know if the Benedict's test came back positive?
lose of blue color, turns red/orange
71
How do you know if the Lugol's Test came back positive?
the loss of brown color, turns blue/black
72
What 2 domains of life consist of prokaryotes?
Domain Bacteria & Archaea
73
What sub-disciplines/kingdoms does Domain Eukarya consist of?
-Kingdom Protista
-Kingdom Fungi
-Kingdom Plantae
-Kingdom Animalia
74
What are some subatomic particles?
-Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
75
What is something to keep in mind that is related to the Atomic number of an element?
Atomic # = number of protons
76
What is matter?
anything that occupies space and has mass
77
what is an element?
substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means
78
what is a compound?
a substance containing 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
79
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
80
what are atoms?
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
81
What is the atomic mass of a neutron?
1 atomic mass unit (amu)
82
What is the atomic mass of a Proton?
1 atomic mass unit (amu)
83
What is the atomic mass of an Electron?
0 amu, or 1/2000 the mass of a proton
84
Where are electrons found?
they are found orbiting the nucleus
85
Where are protons and neutrons found?
in the nucleus
86
What is important about the relation between Atomic mass # and sub-atomic particles?
the Mass # is = to the # of protons and neutrons
87
What is a cation?
an ion w/ a positive charge
88
What is an anion?
an ion w/ a negative charge
89
What are isotopes?
atoms w/ the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons; saem atomic #, but diff. atomic mass
90
How do electrons of an atom differ?
they differ in their amounts of potential energy
91
What is an electron's state of potential energy called?
its energy level or electron shell
92
what is the Octet rule?
except for the 1st shell which is full w/ 2 electrons, atoms interact to ensure they have 8 electrons in their valence shell
93
What are inert elements?
elements that have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons
94
How do you know is an element is a reactive one?
they do not have their outermost electron shell fully occupied by electrons
95
What are the 2 kinds of Cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
96
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
No
97
Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?
No
98
How to distinguish eukaryotic cells?
by the presence of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
99
How does a cell's membrane help the cell?
-it allows cells to carry out a variety of activities simultaneously
-compartmentalizes the interior of the cell and allows greater control
100
why is carbon a basic foundation for life and found in everywhere?
b/c it can form 4 covalent bonds
101
How are monomers strung together?
w/ the help of the process Dehydration synthesis
102
What are the building blocks of macromolecules called?
monomers
103
A string of monomers is called..?
polymers
104
What is dehydration synthesis?
where water molecules are removed, joining 2 monomers to form a polymer
105
What is hydrolysis?
opposite of dehydration synthesis, adding of a water molecule to split monomers
106
What is metabolism?
the process by which the body's cells convert food and drink into energy through chemical reactions; sum of all chemical reactions
107
what is catabolism?
the breaking down reactions of the body
108
what is anabolism?
the building reactions of the body
109
Each nucleotide consists of what?
-a phosphate group
-a pentose sugar
-a nitrogeneous base
110
Which way does water move in different concentrations?
towards the hypertonic solution
111
Nuclear membrane is?
A selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
112
What are the inner lining protein filaments of a nuclear membrane called?
Nuclear lamina
113
What purpose does the plasma membrane serve?
Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
114
What role does the plasma membrane play in cellular activity?
The role varies/can change; overall it protects the cell, regulates what comes in and out of the cell, allows transport, and organization of the cell
115
What are nucleoi?
The site of ribosome subunits production and responsible for a cell’s response to stress
116
Ribosomes are?
The site of protein synthesis
117
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
Free floating & Membrane-bound
118
Free floating ribosomes
Make proteins that are going to stay inside the cell
119
What is the default pathway for free floating ribosomes?
The production of cytosolic proteins, but they can also make proteins that export to peroxisomes, mitochondria, and nucleus
120
Membrane-bound ribosomes?
synthesize proteins that are destined to be incorporated in the cell's membrane, to be incorporated into the lysosomes, or to be exported from the cell
121
Where are membrane-bound ribosomes found?
On the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
122
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Interconnected tubes made of membrane, a network inside the cell
123
What 2 varieties of ER are found in the cell?
-Rough ER
-Smooth ER
124
Rough ER?
Manufactures all secreted proteins and responsible for the synthesis of membrane proteins; has ribosomes on its external surface
125
Smooth ER?
General function is lipid metabolism, catalyzes reactions in the liver and skeletal and cardiac muscle
126
Golgi body
A stack of flat membranous sacs called cisternae
127
What are the 3 areas of the golgi?
-cisface-located nearest to the nucleus
-medial region
-trans face-the exit
128
What is the function of the golgi?
The modification and packaging of proteins
129
What does the Golgi produce in an animal cell?
It produces lysosomes
130
What does the Golgi produce in a plant cell?
Polysaccharides used for the cell wall
131
What are secretory vesicles?
Tiny membrane-bound sacs that carry molecules such as proteins, hormones, or enzymes form the Golgi apparatus to the cells surface or other organelles
132
What carried the products of the Golgi to their designated parts of the cell?
The secretory vesicles
133
What are lysosomes?
Spherical membraneous bags containing digestive enzymes
134
In what kind of cells are lysosomes only found?
Only in animal cells; occasionally found in higher plant cells tho
135
What function do lysosomes serve
-digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
-degrades nonfunctional organelles
-breakdown non useful tissue
-breakdown bone to release Ca2+
136
Peroxisomes
Small organelles found in cytoplasm that contain enzyme called catalase which breakdown various components
137
What function do peroxisomes provide the cell?
-Detoxifies certain compounds by forming H2O2
-small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism.
138
What does the catalase enzyme found in peroxisomes do?
Renders the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) harmless
139
Mitochondria
An organelle responsible for the production of most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
140
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
The process which we oxidize food that we consume to get energy
141
What are the substructures of the mitochondria?
-intermembrane space
-cristae
-matrix
142
What is the intermembrane space in the mitochondria?
The space between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria
143
What is the Cristae of the mitochondria?
Folds in the inner membrane that increase the surface area of the mitochondria, providing more space for biochemical function involved in cellular respiration
144
What is the matrix found in the mitochondria?
Fluid filled portion inside the mitochondria that contains their own DNA and RNA
145
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death/suicide
146
What is necrosis?
Cell death because of some sort of pathology
147
What is a cytoskeleton of the cell?
The skeleton of the cell; a dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol
148
What are the 3 types of cytoskeletal elements?
-microfilaments
-intermediate filament
-microtubules
149
What are microtubules?
tube-like structures found in the cytoplasm of a cell. they determine the overall shape of the cell and the distribution of organelles
150
what are microfilaments?
protein fibers that are apart of a cells cytoskeleton. they're involved w/ cell movement and cytoplasmic streaming. Very important in cytokinesis
151
what are intermediate filaments
an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane
152
What purpose do intermediate filaments serve?
they protect against mechanical stress and provides a scaffolding for nuclear membrane
153
are intermediate filaments found in animal cells?
no
154
what are centrioles?
small barrel-shaped organelles located near the nucleus
155
what purpose do centrioles serve for the cell?
they organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
156
what are a pair of centrioles called?
a centrosome
157
what is a mitotic spindle?
the arrangement of microtubules
158
What are cilia and flagella?
whip-like extensions of *certain* cells used for motion
159
what is the difference between cilia and flagella?
A cilia is short and more numerous and move substances in one direction across the cell surface, while a flagella propels the cell
160
what are basel bodies?
they are the anchoring structure for cilia and flagella that attach to the cell
161
how are the microtubules of a cell arranged?
in a 9+3 arragement
162
What structures do plant cells have that an animal cell don't?
chloroplasts and a rigid cell wall
163
What function does the cell wall provide a plant cell?
provides structural support and protects from osmotic changes
164
Do all eukaryotes have a cell wall?
no, all but the animalia kingdom
165
What function do vacuoles provide a plant cell?
it has lysosomal and storage functions
166
What kinds of cells are chloroplasts found in ?
plants and some protists
167
what function do chloroplast serve a plant cell?
they convert solar energy to chemical energy from sugars
168
what is a stack of thylakoids called?
a granum
169
what are thylakoids?
disk-like structures, where photosynthesis takes place
170
what is the stroma of the chloroplasts?
the fluid-filled portion in chloroplasts
171
What are some examples of cell junctions?
-tight junctions
-desmosomes
-gap junctions
-plasmodesmata
172
What are the major functions of carbohydrates?
-supply a source of cellular food
-to provide structural support
173
What are carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
174
What ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen is always found in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
175
what is the term used to identify a monosaccharide that has 3 carbons?
Triose
176
what is the term used to identify a monosaccharide that has 5 carbons?
Pentose
177
what is the term used to identify a monosaccharide that has 6 carbons?
Hexose
178
What are isomers?
molecules/compounds that contain the same atoms but are arranged differently
179
what are disaccharides
made of 2 monosacc. joined together via dehydration synthesis-glycosidic linkage
180
What 2 monosacch. form sucrose?
glucose and fructose
181
what 2 monosacch. form lactose?
glucose and galactose
182
what 2 monosacch. form maltose?
glucose and glucose
183
What are polysaccharides?
made up of many monosacch. joined together, a large complex carbohydrate
184
Do polysaccharides transport well in water?
no, they are less soluble in water
185
the larger the carbohydrate,..
the effect of oxygen becomes less and less
186
Is glycogen a polysacch. ?
yes, it is a polymer of glucose and is a short term storage from of energy for humans
187
is starch a polysacch. ?
yes, it is a polymer of glucose and is a storage form used by plants
