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Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

organisms that can sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

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2
Q

What are Heterotrophs

A

organisms that obtain their energy/organic material from other organisms

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3
Q

Producers of the biosphere are…

A

autotroph

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4
Q

What makes Autotrophs the producers of the biosphere?

A

They produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

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5
Q

Photoautotrophs?

A

Organisms that use the energy of the sunlight to make organic molecules
ex: plants

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6
Q

The consumers of the biosphere are…

A

Heterotrophs

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7
Q

Photosynthesis?

A

a process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy, convert it into chemical energy, and store it in carbon molecules (sugars)

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8
Q

Oxidation is..?

A

the loss of electrons

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9
Q

Reduction is..?

A

the gain of electrons
(gains a negative charge)

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10
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 and 12H2O + sunlight(carbon dioxide and water)

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11
Q

What are the reactants of Cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6, 6H2O, and 6O2 (sugar, water, and oxygen)

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12
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6, 6H2O, and 6O2

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13
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

6CO2 and 12H2O + ATP

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14
Q

What is Solar reduction?

A

the measure from one crest of one wave to crest to the next (wavelength)

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15
Q

What are the steps of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light Reactions
  2. Calvin Cycle
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16
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

in the stroma

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17
Q

Which way does the linear electron flow go?

A

Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1

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18
Q

What is the linear electron flow?

A

a process in oxygenic photosynthesis that moves electrons from water to NADP+ through three transmembranes. This process produces NADPH and ATP, which are essential for photosynthesis.

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19
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP w/ ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)

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20
Q

The formula that ATP synthase catalyzes?

A

ADP + Pi + 2H+out ⇌ ATP + H2O + 2H. +in.

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21
Q

How is the ATP harnessed from the ETC (electron transport chain)

A

As electrons move through the ETC they drop little pieces of protons, those little pieces of protons (H+) is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP

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22
Q

What happens in the stroma during photosynthesis?

A

(H+) little pieces of proton ions combine w/ NADP+ to form NADPH

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23
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in the leaves of a plant, specifically the chloroplasts, even more specifically the thylakoid discs

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24
Q

What is found in chloroplasts?

A

-stroma, a fluid
-grana, stacks of thylakoids

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25
What are thylakoids?
a membranous disk that contain chlorophyll
26
What is chlorophyll?
a green pigment that captures light for photosynthesis
27
Where can pigment in the leaves of the plant be found?
In the membrane of chloroplasts
28
What are pigments in a plant?
they are molecules that can absorb light energy and have a variety of colors
29
What are the 2 things needed to convert CO2 to sugar
Energy and Electron
30
What is NADPH?
A biological carrier of electrons (an electron shuttle)
31
What are the 2 forms of a electron shuttle?
NADP+ (oxidized form) & NADPH (reduced form)
32
What are the products of Light rxns?
ATP and NADPH
33
How do light rxns work?
The convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2
34
How does the Calvin cycle work?
It assembles sugar molecules from CO2, using products of light reactions
35
What are Carotenoids?
A plants accessory pigment ex: red/orange-reflects red and absorbs blue/green
36
What happens during photosystem II
Light excites an electron from the chlorophyll a pair, which passes to the primary electron acceptor. The electron sent away is replaced by splitting water, which releases oxygen as a waste product. Photosystem II generates ATP
37
what happens during photosystem I
The electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain. Photosystem I uses light energy to convert NADP+ to NADPH2. Photosystem I generates NADPH, and electron goes back to photosystem II
38
What happens during Cellular respiration?
Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat
39
How do we, humans and plants rely on each other?
Humans rely on plants for their products, O2 and other organic molecules, for energy while plants rely on humans and other heterotrophs for the products of cell respira., CO2 and H2O, for energy
40
How does cellular respiration work?
breaks down glucose molecules and banks their energy in ATP *uses O2 & releases CO2 and H2O*
41
How many of our cells break down sugars for ATP production
Nearly every one
42
Aerobic?
process "with oxygen"
43
Anaerobic?
process "without oxygen"
44
Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
Both, but usually used to refer to aerobic respiration
45
How exactly do cells get energy out of cellular respiration?
As glucose is oxidized, it releases energy. Cells oxidize the glucose molecules
46
How are the reactants oxidized in cellular respiration ?
by an enzyme called dehydrogenase and NAD+
47
What makes up the plasma membrane?
Proteins
48
What are the functions of membrane protein?
-Transport -Enzymatic activity -Receptors for signal transduction -intercellular adhesion -cell-cell recognition -attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
49
What are the 2 major types of plasma membranes?
Integral & Peripheral
50
Integral plasma membrane?
made up of transmembrane proteins, has a hydrophobic region that consists of 1 or more stretches of non polar animo acids
51
Peripheral plasma membrane?
inner and outer membrane
52
What are porins?
A barrel protein that acts as pores in cellular membranes, allows solutes/water to pass
53
What are transport protein?
carrier protein that move small molecules, ions, and macromolecules across biological membranes
54
what are channel proteins?
form tunnels
55
what kind of channel proteins are there?
-Gated- only opens in response to stimuli -Leakage- always open
56
what kind of stimuli opens a gated channel protein?
1. Chemical/ Lignd Gate- lignd will bind to channel proteins and that will allow it to open 2.Electrical/Voltage gates- change in membrane potential 3.Mechanical gates- in response to stretch and pressure
57
What do plasma membranes not allow to pass?
Ions and/or large polar molecules
58
What are glycolipids?
they are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond. They are primary involved w/ cell to cell recognition, one of the membranes functions
59
Membrane lipid is 20% made up of..?
Cholesterol
60
What kind of membrane is the most permeable to small, nonpolar molecules
Plasma membrane
61
Are plasma membrane's structure made up of the same kind and amount of lipids?
No, they differ in the kinds and amount of lipids they contain
62
Active processes are..
processes that require ATP
63
Passive processes are...
Processes that don't require ATP
64
Diffusion is..?
the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a cell membrane, w/o assistance
65
Which way does the concentration gradient go, high-low or low-high?
high to low
66
Facilitated Diffusion is..?
the movement of a substance through a biological membrane with the use of a channel or carrier protein; from an area of higher [] to an area of lower []
67
What molecules use facilitated diffusion to be transported?
-transport of glucose, animo acids, and ions
68
What kind of proteins are used during facilitated diffusion?
Transmembrane Proteins
69
What kind of transmembrane protein do glucose and animo acids use to get through biological membrane?
Carrier protein
70
What kind of transmembrane protein do ions typically use to get through biological membrane?
protein channel
71
What is Osmosis?
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane ex:cell wall/membrane
72
Tonicity refers to?
the comparison of solute concentration between 2 solution
73
When the tonicity is Isotonic.. this implys what?
the solute have equal concentration, no net movement
74
When the tonicity is Hypertonic.. this implys what?
one solute's [] is higher than the other, [] is greater outside the cell
75
when the tonicity is Hypotonic.. this implys what?
one solute's [] is lower than the other, [] is lower outside the cell
76
Which way does water move based on concentration ([])
water will always go outside the cell
77
What happens when water enters an animal cell?
Swelling (lysis)
78
What happens when water leaves the cell?
Shrinking (crenation)
79
What happens when water enters a plant cell?
Increase in turgor pressure or swelling, referred to Turgid
80
What happens when water leaves a plant cell?
Shrinking, referred to Plasmolysis
81
What do active processes require, other than ATP
Carrier proteins
82
What is active transport?
the movement of substance through a channel/carrier protein from an area of low [] to an area of high [].
83
Which way according to the gradient are molecules moved in active transport?
low to high, against the gradient
84
What kinds of pumps are used to perform Active transport?
1.Na/K pump (sodium and potassium 2.Proton pump
85
What is Vesicular transport?
the transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes
86
What kinds of vesicular transport are there?
1. Exocytosis 2. Endocytosis
87
Exocytosis?
the movement of substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space; going out
88
Endocytosis?
the helping of large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell; going in
89
What are some types of endocytosis?
-Phagocytosis -Pinocytosis -Receptor-mediated endocytosis
90
How does exocytosis work?
a vesicle forms around the cells waste, vesicle then fuses with the cell membrane and the cell membrane than releases the wastes outside the cell
91

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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