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BIO 111 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff develop?

A

He developed a series of rules based on a survey of DNA composition in organisms

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2
Q

Chargaff’s Rules ?

A

of A was about equal to # of T

# of G is about equal to # of C

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3
Q

Who developed the shape of DNA?

A

Watson and Francis Crick w/ the help of Rosalina Franklin

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4
Q

After how many bases does the double helix twist

A

At every 10 bases

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5
Q

Pyrimidine consists of?

A

Cytosine & Thymine

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6
Q

Purine consists of?

A

Adenine & Guanine

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7
Q

Products of Semiconservative model of Replication

A

2 daughter DNA molecules
Each consists of parent strand and one new strand

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8
Q

About how many mutations might you get every time a cell divides?

A

6

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9
Q

The replication process begins at a site called?

A

Origin
of replication

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10
Q

In eukaryotes, about how many origin sites may there be?

A

Thousands of

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11
Q

What happens as the DNA strands separate?

A

A bubble w replication forks at each end forms

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12
Q

What is the job of the helicase?

A

Untwists & separates the template DNA at the replication fork

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13
Q

What purpose do single strand binding proteins serve?

A

They keep the unpaired strands apart during replication

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14
Q

What purpose does DNA polymerase serve?

A
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15
Q

Can DNA polymerase initiate synthesis?

A

No, it can only add to an existing one

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16
Q

At what end are nucleotides added to?

A

The 3’ (prime) end

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17
Q

What purpose does primase serve?

A

To lay down a primer made up of RNA and highlight the OH groups for DNA polymerase

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18
Q

How does DNA polymerase prepare raw nucleotides for DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase hydrolyzes the last 2 phosphates that the nucleotides need to bond to template strand. The hydrolysis provides the energy needed for the endergonic rxn of adding the nucleotides

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19
Q

What drives the polymerization of nucleotides to the new strand?

A

Exergonic hydrolysis

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20
Q

Each of strand of DNA consist of ?

A

A 3’ end w/ a free OH attached to deoxyribose and a 5’ end w/ a phosphate group attached to deoxyribose

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21
Q

Are the strands in a double helix parallel or antiparallel?

A

Anti parallel

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22
Q

Which direction do all nucleic acids replicate from?

A

5’ to 3’ always

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23
Q

What problem comes up at the replication fork of the bubble as the DNA starts to separate?

A

Since DNA’s structure is antiparallel, one parental strand is oriented 3’ to 5’ into the form and the other parental strand is oriented 5’ to 3’

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24
Q

What is done to solve the problem at the replication fork?

A

The leading strand (3’ to 5’) can be used by polymerase as a template for a continuous complimentary strand, but as for the lagging strand (5’ to 3’) is copied away from the fork in short segments and has to keep waiting for the helicase to open it

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25
What enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand together?
DNA ligase
26
What are the short segments created on the lagging strand during DNA replication called?
Okazaki fragments
27
When does the primer placed by primase get removed?
In the process, as the nucleotides are being added
28
How many times is the primer laid during DNA replication?
The leading strand requires one primer, while the lagging strand requires a new primer each time the helicase comes back to separate the strand
29
What purpose does topoisomerase serve?
It corrects “overwinding”/ any tangles when DNA is unraveling
30
How does topoisomerase work?
It makes various cuts and rejoin the strands to relieve pressure
31
Purpose of DNA pol 1
Removed RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides once replication is done
32
Purpose of DNA polymerase 3
Using parental DNA as template, it synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or preexisting DNA strand
33
Types of DNA replication repair mechanisms
1. Proof reading 2. Nucleotide excision repair
34
Once RNA primer is removed, how is the gap that it leaves filled in?
With junk called Telomeres
35
Purpose of telomeres?
Protects the gene from being eroded through multiple rounds of DNA replication
36
Telomerase?
Used a short molecule of RNA as a template to extend the 3’ end of the telomere
37
Is telomerase present is most cells?
No, therefore the DNA of cells do tend to become shorter. This is thought to be the reason we age
38
The order of how genes are expressed and create proteins?
1. Separate the DNA strands 2 2. mRNA transcripts the template strand 3. The mRNA strand is then translated into proteins
39
Where does Gene Translation occur
In the cytoplasm
40
Where is DNA transcribed into RNA?
In the nucleus
41
RNA polymerase does what?
Separate the DNA strands and bonds RNA nucleotides as they form base pairs
42
How is all RNA produced?
Through transcription
43
How does a RNA polymerase know to stop adding nucleotides?
Once it reads/transcribes a terminator sequence, everything disassociates
44
Does RNA processing deal with all RNA?
No, only mRNA
45
Steps of RNA processing
1. Modified guanine putting on a 5’ cap 2. An enzyme adds 50-250 3. Removal of a large portion of RNA called RNA splicing
46
What are introns
Non coding regions of DNA or RNA that have to get removed
47
What are exonsv
Coding regions
48
What complex does the RNA splicing ?
Spliceosomes
49
Purpose of tRNA
Transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome. It will carry an anticodon on one end and a specific amino acid on the other r
50
What purpose do Ribosomes serve in translation?
They add each amino acids carried by tRNA to the growing end of the polypeptide chain
51
What types of RNA is used in translation
1.mRNA 2.tRNA 3.rRNA
52
Wobble refers to what?
The wiggle room or flexibility when pairing at the 3rd base of a codon
53
Codon?
Group of 3 nucleotides on mRNA
54
Anti codon?
Group of 3 nucleotides on tRNA
55
How many times can tRNA be used?
Repeatedly
56
Schedule of a tRNA?
-to pick up its designated amino acid -to deposit the animo acid at the ribosome -to return to the cytosine to pick up another copy of that animo acid
57
How are amino acids joined to the correct tRNA?
Animoacyl
58
Animoacyl?
tRNA synthetase
59
How many synthetase are there?
20 different ones to match all 20 different amino acids
60
Are ribosomes the same between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
No
61
Purpose of P site in a ribosome?
Holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
62
Purpose of the A site in a ribosome?
It carried the tRNA w the next animo acid
63
Purpose of E site in ribosomes?
It discharges the tRNA once the polypeptide chain is transferred to other tRNA
64
How is DNA replication initiated?
Helicase recognized the origin sites
65
How is transcription initiated?
Factors bind to promotor that is then recognized by RNA polymerase
66
How is translation initiated?
A small ribosomal subunit will bind to mRNA and special inhibitor tRNA attaches to start codon and occupies P site
67
Steps of Enlongation of the polypeptide chain
1. Codon recognition 2.Peptide Bond Formation 3. Translocation
68
What happens during peptide bond formation?
rRNA catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the poly peptide in the P site w the new animo acid in the A site
69
What happens during translocation phase of Enlongation
The ribosome moves the tRNA w the attached polypeptide from the A site to the P site
70
When does termination of Enlongation occur?
When 1 of the 3 stop codons reach the A site
71
A point mutation that results in replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotides w another nucleotide pair
A base-pair mutation
72
Silent mutations
When the 3rd nucleotide of a codon is not right but because of its flexibility nothing happens
73
Ways to identify a mutation?
1.what happens -is there an addition or subtraction 2.what is the effect -silent mutation=no difference -missense mutation= different animo acid -nonsense mutation= stop codon, no function protein
74
Types of mutations that can occur in a genome
-base pair substitution -base pair addition -base pair deletion

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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