module 1 Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

Deffinition of evolution

A

the change in populations and species over time

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2
Q

patterns in nature that species have changed over time

A
  1. species composisitons have changed
    Evidence: fossils
  2. species are related
    Evidence: resemblances between species(structural developmental and genetic)
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3
Q

why are fossils said to show a pattern that species change over time?

A

fossils show species composition changed through time

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4
Q

why does homology show species have changed over time?

A

homology show species share striking similarities

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5
Q

who published the orgin of species

A

charels darwin

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6
Q

who came across the idea of natural selection first

A

Alfred Russel Wallace before charels darwin published

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7
Q

who came up with the principles of inheritance?

A

Mendel

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8
Q

the logical processs of natural selection

A

individual organisms vary in traits that are haritable by offspring. only a subset of individuals servive the survivors are said to have an advantage.

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9
Q

If traits that produce and advantage are said to be haritable then,

A

The frequency of individuals carring that trait will increase with respect to individuals not carrying the trait.

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10
Q

natural selection acts on …

A

individuals

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11
Q

Evolutionary change occurs…

A

in populations

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12
Q

deffinition of selection pressure:

A

selection pressure: external factors in a particular enviorment that affect individuals ability to survive.

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13
Q

negitive selection pressure:

A

negative selection pressure : disadvantage for individuals with particular trait-> leads to a decrease in occurence of that trait

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14
Q

possitive selection pressure:

A

possitive selection pressure: advantage for individuals with particular trai-> leads to an increase in occurence of that trait.

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15
Q

meaning of fitness in the context of evolution and natural selection

A

how many offspring an individual produces

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16
Q

adaptation:

A

adaptation: heritable trait the increases the fitness of an intividual with that trait relative to individuals that do not have that trait

17
Q

constraints on adaptations

A

time
trade-offs
historical constraints

18
Q

adaptive radiation can occur when

A

evolution occurs rapidly causing new ecological niches to become avalible

19
Q

female reproduction is limited by

A

acess to resources

20
Q

male reproductionn is limited by

A

acess to females

21
Q

the two types of displays used to choose a mate

A

morphological and behavioral

22
Q

natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution that results in…

A

adaptations and leads to increased average fitness of the population

23
Q

allel frequency changes are or are not adaptive

24
Q

in ____ populations genetic drift can be much more pronounced

25
the founder effect is...
when a subset of the original population immigrate to a new area and establish a new population
26
populationn bottleneck is
when there is a subben restriction in population size and only a small random selection of alleles survive
27
drift after population bottleneck leads to
a random subset of alles survive
28
gene flow
when one population migrates into another population and equelizes allele frequencies
29
what is a phylogeny?
a depiction of the evolution history of a group of organisms
30
topology:
the branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree
31
branch length on a phylogenetic tree represents
the amount of evolution that has taken place along a branch
32
monophyletic group
share a common ancestor that is exclusive to this group
33
paraphyly:
one/few taxa not inclided in group descendeed from common ancestor
34
polyphyly:
common ancestor not exclusive
35
polytomies:
branching pattern is unresolved
36
unrooted trees
lack a root and cannot determine order in time of internal nodes
37
when comparing phylogenetic data
1. sample DNA/RNA locus 2. remember homologous genes are inherited 3. construct an alignment