module 4

Question 1

purpose of immune system is to

Answer 1

identify self from non-self to protect

Question 2

Innate immune system characteristics

Answer 2

(non-specific)
is the first line of defense
response time is immediate
cells are natural keller cells and simmilar
more widespread( found in other things)

Question 3

Adaptive immunne system characteristics

Answer 3

(specific)
second line of defense
response time is long term
cells are T and B lymphocytes

Question 4

3 steps of effective defense system

Answer 4

recognition
disposal
communication

Question 5

Many microorganisms can be engulfed and digested by ____ un an unspecified way

Answer 5

phagocytes(macrophages)

Question 6

macrophages are

Answer 6

1. immediately available
2. combat a wide range of microbes
3. do not require prior exposure
4. act the same way in all individuals

Question 7

macrophages are phagocytes that

Answer 7

recognize engulf and digest foreign microbes

Question 8

lipopolysaccharide(LPS) are found where

Answer 8

in bacterial cell wall

Question 9

together Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) andDouble-stranded RNA collectivly make

Answer 9

PAMPs (pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)

Question 10

adaptive immunity involves

Answer 10

the production of antibodies that are specific to a particular pathogen

Question 11

two major categories of adaptive Immunity

Answer 11

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

Question 12

humoral immunity coresponds to

Answer 12

B cell mediated response focusing on pathogens outside of cells also produce antibodies

Question 13

cellular immunity coresponds to

Answer 13

T cell mediated response focusing on intracellular pathogens inside cells

Question 14

an epitope

Answer 14

small molecular site within larger parasite molecule

Question 15

an antigen

Answer 15

any part of a parasite that stimulates a specific immune response(contains 1 or more epitopes)

Question 16

Immunoglobulins are

Answer 16

synthesized by a class of white blood cells called B lymphocytes that originate from stem cells in bone marrow

Question 17

Antibodies

Answer 17

are complex proteins that cirulate extracellularly and bind to extracellular parasites

Question 18

phagocytes vs lymphocytes

Answer 18

phagocytes are nonspecific lymphocytes are specific

Question 19

regions of heavy chains

Answer 19

1. Variable (V)
2. diversity (D) genes
3. joining (J) genes

Question 20

regions of light chains

Answer 20

1. V region
2. J region

Question 21

somatic recombination

Answer 21

brings together a V-D-J combination for the heavy chain (or V-J combination for the light chain

Question 22

somatic hypermutation

Answer 22

mutations within individual lymphocytes only in B cells

Question 23

Affinity Maturation

Answer 23

rapid clonal expansion of same antigen receptor increases mutation rate and variation(not in T cells)

Question 24

negitive selection

Answer 24

clonal deletion/ removal of B ccells and T cells through apoptosis

Question 25

positive selection

Answer 25

lymphocytes that encounter an antigen which their receptor binds

Question 27

the inital infection is called

Answer 27

the primary response

Question 28

MCH stands for

Answer 28

Major Histocompatibility complex

Question 29

MHC class 1 molecules come from the

Answer 29

cytosol

Question 30

MHC class 2 comes from

Answer 30

vesicles

Question 31

antigenic variation

Answer 31

alterations in microbes proteins (antigens) in order to avoid a host immune response -> change in molecular structure of epitopes

Question 32

benifits of antigenic variation

Answer 32

1. extend length of infection and potentially increase R0 2. Infect host with prior exposure that may be immune to a previous infection via immunological memory

Question 33

escape mutants

Answer 33

pathogens with amino acid substitutions

Question 34

Human leukocyte antigen(MCH in humans) is on what chromosome

Answer 34

chromosome 6

Question 35

heterozygosity in MHC genes is

Answer 35

good and leads to larger variation of microbes targeted

Question 36

durring antigenetic variation how is the length of infection extended

Answer 36

via rapid evolution and differential antigen expression

Question 37

antigenic drift

Answer 37

regular evolution based on mutations arising in particular genes and natural selection acting on the most fit viruses

Question 38

antigenic shifts

Answer 38

an entirely new gene enters the viruses that infect people

Question 39

antigenic drift is caused by

Answer 39

point mutations in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase