Module 1 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
organization levels of the human body
A
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organismal
2
Q
to main regions of body organization
A
- axial
- appendicular
3
Q
what is the axial region
A
forms the main vertical axis of the body (head, neck, trunk)
4
Q
what is the appendicular region
A
includes limbs or appendages that attach to the axis (legs and arms)
makes up structures away from the midline of the body
5
Q
what are the type of organ systems (11)
A
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- digestive
- respiratory
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- urinary
- reproductive
6
Q
integumentary system
A
makes up our body covering, includes skin and associated structures (hair and nails)
7
Q
skeletal system
A
includes bones and joints of body
8
Q
muscular system
A
contains muscles
works along with skeletal system for movement and support
9
Q
nervous system
A
includes brain, spinal cord and nerves
10
Q
endocrine system
A
includes glands that produce and secrete hormones
works along nervous system in the integration and coordination of the body to act as a unit
11
Q
digestive system
A
starts at mouth with a long tube and ends at the anus
12
Q
respiratory system
A
allows you to breathe, includes nose, air passageways and lungs
13
Q
cardiovascular system
A
includes blood, blood vessels and the heart
14
Q
lymphatic system
A
includes lymphatic vessels (thin walled that carry lymph - interstitial fluid) cells and structures that can initiate immune response
15
Q
urinary system
A
includes kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic and urinary function together for processing and transportation of nutrients, oxygen and waste products
16
Q
reproductive system
A
the means for the sexual maturation and procreation of each individual
17
Q
what are body cavities
A
organ systems enclosed within distinct spaces are known as body cavities
vital organs protected and separated by membranes
18
Q
names of views of the body
A
- anterior (facing us front on)
- lateral (side on)
19
Q
two types of big body cavities
A
- ventral
- dorsal
20
Q
ventral body cavity
A
ventral - front
divided into two groups, thoracic (above the diaphragm) and abdominopelvic (below the diaphragm)
21
Q
thoracic smaller cavities
A
superior mediastinum (esophagus and trachea, protected by sternum), pericardial (heart), right and left pleural (lungs)
22
Q
abdominopelvic smaller cavities
A
abdominal (digestive viscera) and pelvic (urinary bladder and reproductive organs)
23
Q
dorsal body cavity
A
dorsal - back, best view lateral
contains central nervous system
divided into two categories, cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)
24
Q
what are the directional terms
A
- superior / inferior
- anterior / posterior
- medial / lateral
- proximal / distal
- superficial / deep
- parietal / visceral
25
characteristics of then anatomical position
- standing upright
- feet parallel on the floor
- head level and forward
- arms at side of body
- palms facing forward
- thumbs pointing away from body
26
superior / inferior
superior (cranial), position higher or above another part of the body
inferior (caudal), position lower or beneath another part of the body
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anterior / posterior
anterior (ventral), towards the front of the body
posterior (dorsal), towards the back of the body
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medial / lateral
medial, towards the midline
lateral, towards the side
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superficial / deep
superficial, closer to the surface of the body
deep, farther from the surface of the body
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proximal / distal
proximal, position that is closer to the point of attachment or to the trunk of the body
distal, position that is farther away from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
31
parietal / visceral
parietal, indicates component of the body walls (may include muscles, connective tissue and tissue covering organs)
visceral, lines outer surfaces of organs that are loacted within cavities
32
what are the planes and sections of the body
- sagittal
- coronal
- horizontal
- oblique
- longitudinal
33
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts
passes thought the midline of the body
referred to as the midsagittal plane
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coronal plane
also called frontal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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horizontal plane
also called transverse plane
divides body into superior and inferior parts
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oblique plane
passes through the body at an angle
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longitudinal plane
any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane
both sagittal and coronal planes and example of longitudinal plane
38
body quadrants
abdominal and pelvic cavities divided into four quadrants
upper left (UL), lower left (LL), upper right (UR), lower right (LR)
39
basic types of tissue
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
- muscular
40
epithelium tissue
composed of closely apposed (side by side) cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance
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two types of epithelium
covering epithelium - cells cover the external and internal surfaces
glandular epithelium - cells that produce and secrete product (hormones)
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characteristics of epithelium
- cellularity
- polarity
- attachment
- avascularity
- regeneration
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cellularity of epithelium
adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions
tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions
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polarity of epithelium
epithelial cell has an exposed (apical) surface that faces the exterior of the body or internal space, and a basal surface which is attached to underlying tissue
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attachment of epithelium
epithelial cells rest and are attached to the basal lamina (basement membrane)
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avascularity of epithelium
epithelial tissues do not have a direct blood supply
receive nutrients from the blood vessels in underlying tissue
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regeneration of epithelium
renewed continuously
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functions of epithelium
- support and protection
- permeability
- sensation
- secretion
note: no single epithelium performs all functions
49
support and protection of epithelium
covers and lines external and internal surfaces of the body
protects underlying tissues from injury, pathogens and dehydration (skin)
50
permeability of epithelium
allows substances to be absorbed into the body
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sensation of epithelium
some tissue contains specialized cells that are able to detect sensory stimuli (skin senses touch)
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secretion
some epithelial cells are specialized to secrete specific substances (skin secretes lubricating oil)
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cell organization of epithelium
classified as simple (one cell layer thick) of stratified (two of more layers thick, only the deepest layer of cells is in contact with the basal lamina)
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cell shape of epithelium
squamous - flat (thin), wide and somewhat irregular in shape
cuboidal - same size on all sides, nucleus located centrally
columnar - taller than they are wide, nucleus is an oval and located in the basal region of the cell
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simple squamous epithelium
provides a thin barrier between vessels and tissues, allowing material to travel a short distance between the two
can be found lining blood vessels (thin allows for rapid energy efficient exchange of materials)
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simple cuboidal epithelium
found lining some glands
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simple columnar epithelium
allows for rapid secretion or absorption of material
found lining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
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stratified squamous epithelium
apical (superficial cells) have a squamous flattened shape
makes up the most superficial layer of skin as multiple thin layers of cells, allows skin to protect deeper structures
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stratified cuboidal epithelium
basal cells may be more cuboidal in shape
located in some ducts of glands
involved in secretion, protection and strengthening of the walls of ducts of glands
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stratified columnar epithelium
relatively rare in body, but found in male urethra
involved in protection and secretion
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types of epithelium that dont fit the organizational framework
- transitional
- pseudostratified (ciliated columnar)
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transitional epithelium
consists of multiple lays of cells that allow for stretching
cells vary in shape depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed
has domed shaped surface cells in relaxed state, cells flatten out when stretched
located in urinary bladder and change shape as urine accumulates
lines uterus and proximal end of the urethra (near bladder)
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pseudostratified epithelium
single layer and has its nuclei positioned in a staggered manner that suggests stratified epithelium
short cilia on the surface of these cells help with moving mucous
found throughout most of the respiratory tract where mucous must be transported
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types of connective tissue
- loose
- dense regular
- dense irregular
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functions of connective tissue
- support and protection
- structural framework for the body
- medium for exchange
- storage and repair
- defense
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support and protection of connective tissue
the bones of the skull protect the brain
the kidneys are surrounded by a fat padding that protects it
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structural framework of connective tissue
cartilage supports body structures such as the windpipe, ears and nose
bones of the skeleton provide the framework for skeletal muscles
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medium for exchange of connective tissue
blood serves as a medium that carries gases, nutrients, wastes and blood cells to different parts of the body
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storage and repair of connective tissue
bone stores minerals such as calcium
fat serves as a major energy reservoir of the body
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defence of connective tissue
does this through many ways
physical barrier, white blood cells (macrophages, neutrophils) and antibody production (plasma cells)
71
cells of connective tissues
some tissues have larger diversity of cell types while others have low diversity
some cells in tissues are fixed (permanent resident - fibroblasts) and others are wandering (migrate, enter the tissue from the blood in response to stimuli - white blood cells)
72
fibres of connective tissue
three types secreted by fibroblasts: collagen fibres (tensile strength), reticular fibres and elastic fibres (flexibility)
each type of fibre is formed by proteins made of long peptide chains
different components and proportions of fibre types leads to diverse function of tissues
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ground substance of connective tissue
ground substance occupies the space between cells and fibres of tissues
high water content, transparent, colourless and viscous
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types of connective tissue
- connective tissue proper (loose CT, dense CT)
- supporting connective tissue (bone, cartilage)
- specialized (fluid) connective tissue (blood, lymph)
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loose connective tissue
has more ground substance with few fibres
example adipose tissue - fat cells (adipocytes) fill most of tissue, acts as padding, insulates against heat loss through skin and serves as a packing or filler around and between structures
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dense connective tissue
less ground substance with more fibres
example elastic tissue - composed of bundles of thick parallel elastic fibres and in between some collagen and fibroblast, has the ability to stretch and recoil
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bone connective tissue
important structural tissues that forms framework of the body
functions include
- support
- locomotion
- protection
- blood cell production
- mineral metabolism
78
cartilage
structural component of the body
firm tissue but softer and more flexible than bone
found in
- joints between moveable bones
- between vertebrae in the spine
- ears and nose
- bronchial tubes or airways
79
blood connective tissue
fluid in blood vessels and the heart
contains various cells and proteins to perform essential functions
80
lymph connective tissue
interstitial fluid (fluid that bathes cells) that is collected into thin walled lymphatic vessels and transported to the cardiovascular system
81
dermis connective tissue
tissue found beneath superficial skin
elastic fibres make it elastic and collagen fibres hold it in place
82
result of dysfunctional collagen (ehlers-danlos syndrome)
laxity or looseness in tissue
- loose skin with high elasticity or stretch
- fragile skin that cant resist large forces
- flexible joints leading to join pain, and eventually arthritis
83
components of cartilage
cells - primarily chondrocytes, located in lacunae
lacunae - small spaces that contain one or more cells
fibres - include collagen or elastic fibres
ground substance - firm gel that makes it solid
perichondrium - dense irregular tissues that envelops cartilage provide nutrients to it (not all have)
84
why is perichondrium needed in some cartilage
cartilage is avascular so unable to get nutrients from a direct blood supply, so present to provide nutrients and remove waste
85
types of cartilage
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
86
hyaline cartilage
most common
wear resistant tissue designed to bear and distribute weight
strong, rubbery and flexible tissue
located in
- joint surface of moveable joints
- walls of the nose
- trachea
- bronchi
- ribs
87
fibrocartilage
tough and inflexible form of cartilage
durable and resistant to compression
located in intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
88
elastic cartilage
more flexible than hyaline cartilage
located in
- external ear
- eustachian tube (connects ear to nose)
- epiglottis (barrier to trachea during swallowing)
89
composition of bone
organic (cells, fibres, ground substances - 1/3) and inorganic (minerals and salt - 2/3)
90
what provides the rigidity of bone
inorganic component, mainly calcium phosphate
91
structural unit of bone
structural pattern of repeating cylindrical structures called osteons
each osteon is made of concentric rings with a hollow central canal (haversian canal)
cellular components of bone are located between concentric rings
