Module 2 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
organization of the skeletal system
A
- composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments
- accounts for 20% of body mass
- 206 names bones
- divided into two divisions (axial and appendicular)
2
Q
functions of the skeletal system
A
- support
- protection
- blood cell formation
- storage
- movement
3
Q
support of the skeletal system
A
larger bones of the lower limbs act as pillars for the body trunk
ribs anchor the thoracic wall
skeleton provides framework that anchors all soft organs
4
Q
protection of the skeletal system
A
rib cage encloses the thoracic cavity
skull and the vertebrae surround the soft tissue of the nervous system
5
Q
blood cell formation of the skeletal system
A
hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of the bone
6
Q
storage of the skeletal system
A
fat found in the interior of bones and bone matrix which serves as a reserve for various minerals
7
Q
movement of the skeletal system
A
skeletal muscles use bones as levers
8
Q
composition of bone
A
two layers
- outer cortical layer
- inner cancellous layer
9
Q
outer cortical layer of bone
A
made up of compact bone
hard and strong
10
Q
inner cancellous layer of bone
A
made up of spongy bone
appears porous and sponge like
11
Q
types of bone
A
- flat bones (skull)
- irregular bones (vertebra)
- long bones (femur)
- short bones (ankle and writst)
12
Q
structure of long bones
A
three component
- epiphysis
- metaphysis
- diaphysis
13
Q
epiphysis of a long bone
A
knobby enlarged region at the end
forms joints
serve as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments
14
Q
metaphysis of a long bone
A
region between diaphysis and epiphysis
15
Q
diaphysis of a long bone
A
elongated cylindrical shaft
16
Q
additional features of long bones
A
three features
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
17
Q
articular cartilage of long bones
A
covers the epiphysis
reduces friction between joints
absorbs shock in movable joints
18
Q
periosteum
A
tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue
covers surface of bone except areas covers by articular cartilage
protects bone and contains blood vessels and nerves that supple bone
has cells responsible for forming new bone tissue
19
Q
medullary cavity of long bones
A
blood cells produced in bone marrow found in medullary cavity of the inner cavity
20
Q
bones of the skull
A
22 bones in total
two sets of bones make it up
- cranial bones
- facial bones
21
Q
cranial bones of the skull
A
- frontal (1)
- parietal (2)
- temporal (2)
- occipital (1)
- sphenoid (1)
22
Q
frontal bone of skull
A
single bone
forms the forehead and roof of the orbits (eye sockets)
23
Q
parietal bone of skull
A
paired bones (2)
forms superior and lateral surface of skull
24
Q
temporal bone + features of skull
A
paired bones (2)
form the lateral and inferior walls of the skull
has three features
- zygomatic process
- external auditory (acoustic) meatus (ear hole)
- mastoid process
25
occipital bone + features of skull
single bone
forms posterior wall and base of the skull
two features
- foramen magnum (big hole)
- occipital condyles
26
role of foramen magnum in the occipital bone in skull
allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity
27
role of occipital condyles in the occipital bone in skull
articulate with the first bone in the neck
28
sphenoid bone
single bone
joins the cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone of the skull
29
skull sutures
attachments between the flat bones of the skull
types
- coronal
- sagittal
- lambdoid
- squamous
30
coronal suture
junctions between the frontal and parietal bones
31
sagittal suture
junctions between parietal bones
32
lambdoid suture
junctions between the occipital and parietal bones
33
squamous suture
junctions between temporal and parietal bones
34
cranial vault (skullcap)
dome shaped bony roof of skull encasing the bone
formed by frontal, parietal and occipital bones (flat bones)
35
cranial base
floor of the cranium where the brain sit has three fossae
- anterior cranial fossa
- middle cranial fossa
- posterior cranial fossa
36
facial bones of the skull
- maxillary (2)
- nasal (2)
- zygomatic (2)
- mandible (1)
37
maxillary bones of skull
paired (2)
upper jaw bones
37
nasal bones of skull
paired (2)
articulate with the frontal bone
forms bridge of the nose
38
zygomatic bones of skull + feature
paired (2)
form the cheekbones
has the temporal process which articulates with the zygomatic process
39
mandible bone of skull + features
single
forms lower jaw
features
- body
- ramus
- angle
40
vertebral column (spine)
made up of 26 bones
- 24 vertebrae
- 1 sacrum
- 1 coccyx
41
division of the vertebral column (spine)
- cervical (7)
- thoracic (12)
- lumbar (5)
- sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
- coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)
42
vertebrae structure
- body
- vertebral arch: spinous process, transverse process
- vertebral foramen (houses spinal cord)
all vertebral foramina stack to form vertebral canal
43
atypical vertebrae
C1 (atlas), first cervical vertebrae
C2 (axis), second cervical vertebrae
44
C1 atypical vertebrae features
anterior arch, provides surface for articulation with the dens (C2 feature)
lateral masses, provides surface for articulation with occipital condyles of the occipital bone
45
C2 atypical vertebrae feature
dens which rests within the anterior arch of C1
46
movement of C1 and C2 vertebrae
the skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1 via the occipital condyles, joint allows yes movement of head
the dens of C2 attaches with the anterior arch of C1, allows for no movement of head
47
vertebral articulations + parts
individual vertebrae stack on top of each other
intervertebral discs are between two vertebrae, acts as shock absorber
intervertebral foramina, opening between adjacent vertebrae, allows for passage of spinal nerves
48
types of ribs
12 total
- true ribs (1-7), directly with sternum
- false ribs (8-10), not direct with sternum
- floating ribs (11-12), no articulation with sternum
49
structure of a rib
they are long, flat and twisted
have a head, neck, tubercle, shaft and angle
shaft has a sharp inferior border called the costal groove
50
rib attachment to the vertebrae
the head articulated with the bodies of two thoracic vertebra
tubercle of rib has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of one vertebra
51
sternum
makes up the anterior portion of the thoracic cage
52
sternum parts
- manubrium, rib 1
- body, rib 2-7
- xiphoid process
53
thoracic cage
made up of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally and the sternum anteriorly
54
scoliosis
a lateral curvature of the spine
54
upper limbs general parts
30 bones
- pectoral girdle
- arm
- forearm
- ulna
- wrist and hand
55
pectoral girdle
connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton
two parts
- clavicle
- scapula
56
clavicle features
joins the manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula laterally
has two ends, acromial (shoulder) and sternal (neck)
57
scapula features
anterior surface
- coracoid process (stabilize shoulder joint)
posterior surface
- spine
- acromion (stabilize shoulder joint)
lateral surface
- glenoid fossa (articulates with the head of the humerus)
58
humerus
articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint
distally joins with the radius and ulna to form elbow joint
has head, neck and shaft
59
additional features of the humerus
anterior view
- lateral epicondyle
- medial epicondyle
- capitulum
- trochlea
posterior view
- olecranon fossa
60
forearm
composed of the radius and ulna
61
radius
on the thumb side
distal end, wide and flat, articulates with the carpal bones to form wrist joint
features
- head (articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the ulna)
- shaft
- neck
- styloid process
62
ulna
on pinky side
articulates with the distal end of humerus
features
- olecranon (fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus)
- trochlear notch (interlocks with the trochlea of humerus)
- shaft
- neck
- styloid process
63
wrist and hands
wrist
- 8 carpal bones (short bones)
palm/hand
- 5 metacarpal bones (long bones)
fingers
- 14 phalanges (long bones, thumb has 2, rest have 3)
64
lower limb general parts
30 bones
- pelvic girdle
- thigh
- leg
- ankle and foot
64
ilium features, hip bone
- posterior inferior iliac spine
- posterior superior iliac spine
- iliac crest
- anterior superior iliac spine
- anterior inferior iliac spine
64
pelvic girdle
formed by hip bone
features
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
64
pubis features, hip bone
fuses with both the ilium and ischium
unites with the other pubic bone at the pubic symphysis
65
ischium features, hip bone
has the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity
66
features of the pelvis (list)
- greater sciatic notch
- lesser sciatic notch
- acetabulum
- obturator foramen
67
greater sciatic notch, pelvis
allows passage of major nerves and vessels from the pelvic cavity into the posterior region of the lower limbs
68
lesser sciatic notch, pelvis
permits the passage of structures from the pelvic cavity to the genital region
69
acetabulum, pelvis
deep curved depression for articulation with the head of the femur
70
obturator foramen, pelvis
large opening on the anterior and inferior aspect of each pelvic girdle
allows passage of nerves and blood vessels
71
thigh bone
single bone, femur
72
femur features
- head
- neck
- shaft
- lateral condyle
- medial condyle
- patellar surface
head and neck have bumps that serve as surfaces for muscle attachments
73
femur distal end features purpose
distal end articulates with the tibia and patella (knee cap) forming the knee joint
medial and lateral condyles, parts that form the knee joint with the tibia
patellar surface forms a groove for the patella
74
leg bones
- tibia (medially)
- fibula (laterally)
75
tibia features
only weight bearing bone of the leg
features
- medial and lateral condyles
- tibial tuberosity
- shaft
- medial malleolus
76
fibula features
does not bear weight
lateral malleolus provides lateral stability to ankle joint
features
- head
- neck
- shaft
- lateral malleolus
77
ankle and foot
ankle
- 7 tarsal bones (short bones)
foot
- 5 metatarsal bones (long bones)
toes
- 14 phalanges (long bones
78
articulation (joint)
the place where bones meet another bone, cartilage or teeth
vary in stability and mobility and are classified into categories
the most mobile joints and the most unstable, the most table and the most immobile
79
types of joints and their mobility/stability
most mobile/least stable to least mobile/most stable
- shoulder joint
- hip joint
- elbow joint
- intervertebral joint
suture
80
classification of joints
classified by structure (types of material) or function (movement)
81
synovial joints
joins which the articulating bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid filled cavity
shoulder, knee, hip joint
82
motion of synovial joints (list)
- gliding
- angular
- rotation
- special movements
83
gliding of synovial joints
the motion of bones sliding on one another
84
angular movement of synovial joints
motion that changes a joint angle
- flexion (decreasing angle between articulating bones, bending)
- extension (increasing angle between articulating bones, straightening)
- abduction (movement away from body midline)
- adduction (movement toward midline of body)
85
rotation of synovial joints
when joints pivots around its own axis
medial (towards midline) and lateral (away from midline) rotation
86
special movements of of synovial joints (list)
- supination and pronation
- inversion and eversion
- circumduction
87
supination and pronation of synovial joints
rotation of the radius over the ulna
supination, palm faces anteriorly
pronation, palms face posteriorly
88
inversion and eversion of synovial joints
twisting motion of the ankle
inversion, ankle twisted so soles of feet turn medially (how i stand sometimes)
eversion, ankle twisted so soles of feet turn laterally
89
circumduction of synovial joints
continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succesion
