Module 1

Question 1

There six levels of organization of the body- what are they?

Answer 1

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 2

Excretion involves which body systems?

Answer 2

Urinary, respiratory, digestive

Question 3

What are epithelial cells specialized for?

Answer 3

Absorption and secretion

Question 4

Types of connective tissue

Answer 4

Bones, tendon, blood, and ligament

Question 5

Ventral

Answer 5

Towards front of body

Question 6

Dorsal

Answer 6

Towards back of body

Question 7

Intermediate

Answer 7

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Question 8

Cephalic

Answer 8

Superior

Question 9

Claudal

Answer 9

Inferior

Question 10

Radial deviation

Answer 10

lateral movement of the wrist towards the radius

Question 11

Ulnar deviation

Answer 11

medial movement of the wrist towards the ulna

Question 12

Pronation

Answer 12

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces laterally

Question 13

Supination

Answer 13

rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces medially

Question 14

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 14

Appendages

Question 15

Sagittal plane

Answer 15

Divides body into right and left

Question 16

Frontal plane

Answer 16

Divides body into anterior and posterior

Question 17

Transverse plane

Answer 17

Divides body into inferior and superior

Question 18

Oblique sections

Answer 18

Diagonal sections

Question 19

Dorsal cavity

Answer 19

Contains cranial and spinal cavities

Question 20

Ventral cavity

Answer 20

Anterior, contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Question 21

Thoracic cavity

Answer 21

Heart and lungs, ribs sternum

Question 22

Pleural cavities

Answer 22

Two, each contain a lung

Question 23

Pericardial cavity

Answer 23

Contains heart

Question 24

Serosa

Answer 24

Serous membrane that lines outer surface of organs and body cavities. Provides lubrication and prevents friction.

Question 25

Pleurisy

Answer 25

Inflammation of serosa in the pleural cavity resulting in friction and "sticking" between lining of pleural cavity and lungs

Question 26

Upper transverse plane of abdomen

Answer 26

R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac

Question 27

Middle transverse plane of abdomen

Answer 27

R lumbar, periumbilical, L lumbar

Question 28

Lower transverse plane of abdomen

Answer 28

R hypogastric/iliac, hypogastric, L hypogastric/iliac

Question 29

Oral cavity

Answer 29

Mouth, teeth, tongue

Question 30

Orbital cavity

Answer 30

Eyes

Question 31

Middle ear cavities contain?

Answer 31

Malleus, incus, stapes

Question 32

Synovial cavities

Answer 32

House joints

Question 33

Frontal plane is also known as

Answer 33

Coronal plane

Question 34

Cell theory

Answer 34

Cells are the basic unit of life and cells arise from other cells

Question 35

Endospore

Answer 35

A dormant, extremely durable cell formed in adverse conditions that can reactivate and become metabolically active

Question 36

Golgi apparatus

Answer 36

Receives proteins and lipids synthesized by ER, packages into vesicles, and transports to plasma membrane/for secretion/to lysosomes. Also synthesized lysosomes and vesicles.

Question 37

Tay-Sachs

Answer 37

Deleterious mutation in lysosomal protein that results in buildup of a toxic lipid in neurons and subsequent intellectual disability/death

Question 38

Microtubules

Answer 38

Composed of tubulin monomers, involved in segregation of chromosomes and formation of cilia/flagella.

Question 39

Microfilaments

Answer 39

Composed of actin monomers, make up muscle fibers and divide daughter cells during cytokinesis

Question 40

Cell coat

Answer 40

Polysaccharide side chains involved in cell-cell communication and adhesion

Question 41

Extracellular matrix

Answer 41

Contains collagen, structural support for cells, involved in migration, communication

Question 42

Fluid-mosiac model

Answer 42

Membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded, like tiles in a mosaic picture. Proteins move freely about membrane.

Question 43

How does cholesterol impart resistance to temperature changes?

Answer 43

The cholesterol molecules act as spacers between the tails to reduce solidification during low temperatures. Cholesterol also stabilizes the head during elevated temperatures by restricting motion and preventing movement as energy is added to the system.

Question 44

Integral proteins vs peripheral proteins

Answer 44

Integral proteins span entire membrane, peripheral proteins only have domains spanning one side.

Question 45

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 45

An integral carrier protein specific for a certain molecule temporarily binds to the molecule and then releases it to the other side. Upon binding with the polar molecule, the protein changes shape, opening a channel for movement across the membrane.

Question 46

Active transport

Answer 46

Molecules are pumped against concentration gradient, requires ATP.

Question 47

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 47

Receptor proteins (integral) in a cell membrane bind with a signaling molecule sent from another cell. The signaling molecule (known in general as a ligand) is often in the form of a hormone. The receptor protein is responsible for transferring the signal across the membrane. When the ligand binds to the receptor protein, it changes the shape of the protein. Because the receptor protein is in close proximity to other proteins, their shapes are also affected. This can result in specific enzymes being activated (enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions). These enzymes can catalyze the release of energy from ATP or other high energy molecules which power metabolic and structural changes within the cell