Module 4- Skeletal system

Question 1

What are the main and ancillary functions of bones?

Answer 1

1.) Protects vital organs
2.) Flat bones produce red blood cells (portage learning just says flat bones produce red blood cells but all are a site of hematopoiesis, long bones have both yellow and red marrow so mainly produce myeloid and lymphoid cells)
3.) All bones are storage are storage areas for inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts
4.) Provide attachment for muscle, tendons, and ligaments
5.) Long bones permit flexible body movement, large/heavy bones of the legs support body against pull of gravity

Question 2

Long bones

Answer 2

Are long and thin, designed to support body weight and enable movement

Question 3

Flat bones

Answer 3

Serve for protection and hematopoiesis, form the skull

Question 4

Short bones

Answer 4

Small and cube shaped, such as the carpals and tarsals

Question 5

Irregular bones

Answer 5

Varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces, ie vertebrae are irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord as well as enable spinal movement, pelvic bones

Question 6

Sesamoid bones

Answer 6

Small and round, reinforce tendons. Ie the patella

Question 7

Bone landmarks

Answer 7

Distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes unique to each bone that serve several functions: allow for tendons to attach, indicate where nerves and blood vessels run along/penetrate the bone to provide blood and nervous supply

Question 8

Foramen, canal, fissure

Answer 8

Openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway

Question 9

Sinus

Answer 9

Hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air

Question 10

Process, ramus

Answer 10

Elevations in bone

Question 11

Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

Answer 11

Processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

Question 12

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

Answer 12

Processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

Question 13

Fossa, sulcus

Answer 13

Depressions in bone

Question 14

Axial skeleton

Answer 14

Lies on the midline of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, thoracic rib cage

Question 15

How many bones form the skull? What two categories are they divided into?

Answer 15

22, the cranium (8 bones) and facial (14 bones)

Question 16

Fontanelles

Answer 16

Membranous regions that bridge gaps in bones in newborns before those bones fully develop. “Soft spots”

Question 17

The large bones of the cranium are named for what?

Answer 17

The lobes of the brain. For example, the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and occipital bone

Question 18

Which bones of the cranium are paired?

Answer 18

Parietal, temporal bone

Question 19

Name the 8 cranial bones

Answer 19

Frontal, parietal (two bones), occipital bone, temporal bone (two bones), sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone

Question 20

Sphenoid bone

Answer 20

Completes the sides of the skull and contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets

Question 21

Ethmoid bone

Answer 21

Lies in front of the sphenoid bone, is a part of the orbital wall and is a component of the nasal septum

Question 22

Foramen magnum

Answer 22

Foramen in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem

Question 23

Sinuses (cranial context)

Answer 23

Air spaces lined by mucous membranes that reduce the weight of the skull and impart a resonant sound to the voice

Question 24

Mastoiditis

Answer 24

Inflammation of mucous membranes that line the mastoid sinuses, which drain into the middle ear

Question 25

Sinusitis

Answer 25

Soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from a virus, bacteria, or allergy

Question 26

Foramina

Answer 26

Plural form of foramen, used to describe the multiple foramen of the skull as it has many

Question 27

Carotid canal

Answer 27

Opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery

Question 28

External acoustic meatus

Answer 28

For the transmission of sound, located within the temporal bone

Question 29

Look at figure 4.9

Answer 29

Note the location of the highlighted foramina, will most likely be a question

Question 30

What is the only moveable part of the skull? What are the only non-paired bones of the skull?

Answer 30

The mandible, the mandible and the vomer; all other facial bones are paired.

Question 31

What bone contains the infraorbital foramen?

Answer 31

The maxillae

Question 32

Palatine bones

Answer 32

Compose the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity

Question 33

Lacrimal bone

Answer 33

Thin, scale-like bone that lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone

Question 34

Vomer

Answer 34

Thin, flat bone that joins with the perpendicular ethmoid to form the nasal septum

Question 35

Inferior nasal conchae

Answer 35

Located inferior to the middle conchae

Question 36

Middle and superior nasal conchae

Answer 36

Formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone

Question 37

How do nasal conchae assist with respiration?

Answer 37

They swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages, helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system

Question 38

What are the four vertebral curves? What purpose do they serve?

Answer 38

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral; they provide more resilience and strength in an upright posture than a straight column could.

Question 39

What is another name for the spinal canal?

Answer 39

Vertebral foramen

Question 40

How many vertebrae make up each part of the spine?

Answer 40

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, one sacrum, one coccyx

Question 41

Spinous processes

Answer 41

Located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae and can be palpated as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back

Question 42

Vertebral body

Answer 42

Located along the anterior portion, part of the vertebrae with the most surface area

Question 43

Articular facets

Answer 43

Allow the adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other.

Question 44

Where do spinal nerves exit the spinal column?

Answer 44

Between the vertebrae

Question 45

Describe the structure of a cervical vertebrae.

Answer 45

Has long spinous processes with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly. They have small bodies and large vertebral foramen.

Question 46

Which vertebrae have transverse foramina?

Answer 46

The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina which allow for passage of vertebral arteries and vertebral veins.

Question 47

Transverse processes

Answer 47

bony protrusions lateral to the vertebral body focal on the cervical vertebrae