Module 2- Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the lobes of the right and left lung?

Answer 1

R has three lobes- superior, middle and inferior. L has two lobes-superior and inferior. Asymmetry is due to the position of the heart.

Question 2

Hilum

Answer 2

“Root” of the lung where the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter into each lung

Question 3

Lungs have _________ fissures throughout the lobes. Only the ________ lung has a horizontal fissure separating the superior and middle lobes.

Answer 3

Oblique, right

Question 4

Visceral pleura

Answer 4

Directly covers the lungs

Question 5

Parietal pleura

Answer 5

Covers the thoracic cavity as well as the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Question 6

Pleural space

Answer 6

Space between pleura, normally empty but can fill with air or fluid (pneumothorax/hemothorax)

Question 7

What purposes do the pleura serve?

Answer 7

They reduce friction, provide a negative pressure environment required for lung expansion, and help pull the lungs open with the chest wall upon inhalation

Question 8

Conducting portion of respiratory tract

Answer 8

Nasal cavities, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx), larynx, trachea, paired bronchi, secondary and tertiary bronchioles

Question 9

Filtration portion of respiratory tract

Answer 9

Nostrils: hairs, cilia, and mucous-producing goblet cells
Trachea and bronchi: cilia and mucous-producing goblet cells

Question 10

Respiratory portion of respiratory tract

Answer 10

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Question 11

Nasal vestibule

Answer 11

Most external portion of the nasal cavity, just inside the nostrils

Question 12

Nasal fossae

Answer 12

Nasal cavities separated by the septum

Question 13

_________________ lines the nasal cavities and pharynx and protects these areas from frictional damage

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

What structures separate the nasal cavities from the mouth?

Answer 14

The hard palate and soft palate

Question 15

Glottis

Answer 15

Opening into the larynx

Question 16

Describe the process of swallowing

Answer 16

The larynx rises, and the epiglottis covers the trachea. The soft palate covers the nasal passages.

Question 17

What structures form the interface between the conducting portion of the respiratory tract and the respiratory portion

Answer 17

Bronchioles

Question 18

How many lobar bronchi are featured in the left and right lung?

Answer 18

2 and 3

Question 19

What is the size threshold that divides the bronchi from the bronchioles?

Answer 19

1 mm

Question 20

Respiratory bronchioles

Answer 20

Transitional zone in the respiratory tract concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange

Question 21

Terminal bronchioles

Answer 21

Smallest air conducting bronchioles, come BEFORE the respiratory bronchioles

Question 22

Alveoli

Answer 22

Tiny air pockets surrounded by capillaries that facilitate rapid gas exchange between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Question 23

Histology

Answer 23

Study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope

Question 24

Respiratory epithelium is composed of

Answer 24

Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar cells

Question 25

Goblet cells

Answer 25

Produce mucous to trap debris which can be removed by the cilia

Question 26

Stratified squamous epithelium can be found

Answer 26

In the beginning of the respiratory track, for example lining the nasal cavities

Question 27

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 27

One layer of flattened cells, lines the respiratory bronchioles

Question 28

What are the three main functions of the respiratory tract

Answer 28

.1) Air conduction 2.) Air filtration 3.) Exchange of gases

Question 29

Organization of descending respiratory anatomy

Answer 29

Trachea-->main bronchi (two each side)--> secondary bronchi (3 on right, two on left), tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchi (last air conducting bronchi, reach 1 mm), respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Question 30

Type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 30

Make up 95% of alveolar cells. Form the thin, simple squamous epithelium required for gas exchange in junction with capillaries

Question 31

Type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 31

Make up 5% of alveolar cells. Secrete surfactant, possess stemless and differentiate into type 1 alveolar cells upon injury

Question 32

Respiration includes the following steps:

Answer 32

1.) Breathing: inspiration (breathing air in) and expiration (breathing air out) 2.) External respiration: gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface 2.) Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid 3.) Aerobic cellular respiration: production of ATP in cells

Question 33

What three things are required for respiratory diffusion to be effective?

Answer 33

1.) moist 2.) thin 3.) large surface area in respect to the rest of the body

Question 34

Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation

Answer 34

Upon inspiration, the ribs move superiorly and anteriorly, the diaphragm contracts and lowers, and air becomes less dense, creating a negative pressure environment which causes air to enter the lungs. During expiration, the ribs lower, the diaphragm relaxes and rises, and air becomes less dense, increasing intrathoracic pressure resulting in air leaving the lungs.

Question 35

Incomplete ventilation

Answer 35

Not all air leaves the lungs upon expiration, helping to warm and moisten new air entering the lungs.

Question 36

Describe the structure of hemoglobin

Answer 36

Four polypeptide chains each containing a heme group, can bind four molecules of O2

Question 37

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 37

Hemoglobin bound to CO2, approximately 30% of CO2 is carried this way, the rest is soluble in blood as bicarb (converted by carbonic anhydrase)

Question 38

Boyle’s Law

Answer 38

Pressure = 1/volume

Question 39

Charles’s Law

Answer 39

Volume directly proportional to temperature

Question 40

Dalton’s Law

Answer 40

Total pressure is equal to sum of partial pressures

Question 41

Spirometer

Answer 41

Device used to empirically evaluate mechanics of ventilaltion

Question 42

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 42

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of quiet breathing, typically 500 mL

Question 43

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 43

Maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inspiration, typically 3000 mL

Question 44

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 44

Maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal expiration, typically 1200 mL

Question 45

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 45

Amount of air remaining in lungs unable to be exhaled, typically 1300 mL

Question 46

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 46

ERV+TV+IRV, Expiratory reserve volume +tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 47

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 47

Vital capacity (VC) + reserve volume (RV)

Question 48

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 48

Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 49

Functional residual capacity

Answer 49

Reserve volume(RV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 50

Minute volume

Answer 50

Amount of air moved through lungs

Question 51

Emphysema

Answer 51

Damage to alveoli, inner walls of alveoli become weak and rupture

Question 52

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 52

Mutation in chloride transporter results in thickened respiratory mucous (not enough saline in mucous, results in "clogs" and chronic infections

Question 53

Pulmonary edema

Answer 53

Increased fluid in lungs, crackles

Question 54

Pleurisy

Answer 54

Inflammation of the pleura (lining of the lungs) due to infection, cancer, or injury. In this condition, the pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids. Pleuritis causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The layers of the pleural cavity rub against each other creating friction. The increased fluid in the pleural cavity can make it difficult for a doctor to even hear a person’s heart sounds when auscultating their chest.