MODULE 1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
STEPS IN BIOPROCESSING?
Upstream Process
Fermentation
Downstream Process
The initial stages of fermentation process in biotechnology.
The main objective of upstream manufacturing is to create the environment necessary for cells to make the target protein.
Is the growth of either bacterial or cell culture-based protein products, referred to as microbial fermentation or mammalian cell culture, respectively.
Upstream processing
Proteins are targeted to different compartments of the cells and
subcellular localization of recombinant protein which affects?
- Post-translation modifications
- Aggregation of protein
- Refolding
- Enzymatic activity
- Secretion
is a metabolic process in which a substance
(carbohydrate) is broken down into a simpler substance (alcohols and acids) that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action yeast, bacteria, or a combination
thereof)
Fermentation
In fermentation, the first process is the
same as cellular respiration, which is the
formation of pyruvic acid by Blank
where net 2 ATP molecules are
synthesized.
glycolysis
the science of fermentation
Zymology or zymurgy
In the next step, Blank is reduced to
lactic acid, ethanol or other products.
Here NAD+ is formed which is re-utilized
back in the glycolysis process.
pyruvate
In fermentation, pyruvate
produced through glycolysis is
reduced, and NADH is
oxidized to Blank.
NAD+
TYPES OF FERMENTATION
- Alcoholic Fermentation
- Acetic acid Fermentation
- Lactic acid fermenation
refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth.
considered a specialized field in biochemical engineering, and many of the
key technologies were developed by chemists and biologists for
laboratory-scale separation of biological products
Downstream processing
purification for specific use, generally in
marketable quantities
Downstream processing
purification for the sole purpose of measuring a
component or components of a mixture
Analytical Bio separation
Methods of treatment in which application of physical forces predominate, are known as?
unit operations
Methods of treatment in which chemical or biological activities are involved, known as?
unit processes
Separation of cells, cell debris or other particulate matter
Removal of Insolubles & Cell Separation
Removal of those components whose properties vary markedly from that of
the desired product.
PRODUCT ISOLATION
End with packaging of the product in a form that is stable, easily transportable and convenient.
Product Polishing & Formulation
Done to separate those contaminants that resemble the product very closely in
physical and chemical properties.
PRODUCT PURIFICATION
Unit operations Product polishing and formulation.
Crystallization
Desiccation
Lyophilization
Spray drying
Examples of operations of product isolation and purification
ü affinity chrom.
ü size exclusion chrom
ü reversed phase chromatography
ü crystallization
ü fractional precipitation
ü solvent extraction
ü adsorption
ü ultrafiltration
ü precipitation
Typical operations of removal of insolubles and cell separation to achieve this
ü Filtration
ü Centrifugation
ü Sedimentation
ü Flocculation
ü Gravity settling
Products and services that depend on
bioprocessing
- Biopharmaceuticals
- Specialty products and industrial chemicals
- Environmental-management aids
Example of Biopharmaceuticals
1.1. Proteins from Recombinant Microorganisms
1.2. Inclusion Bodies
1.3. Mammalian Host Systems
1.4. Other Hosts for Heterologous Gene Expression
1.5. Isolation and Purification
1.6. Protein Engineering
1.7. Glycobiology
1.8. Metabolic Engineering
1.9. Polymerase Chain Reaction
1.10. Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody Engineering
1.11. Transgenic Animals
1.12. Product Formulation
1.13. Research Needs
Specialty products and industrial chemicals
2.1. Enzyme Technology and Specialty Bioproducts
2.2. Biopesticides
2.3. Microalgae and New Chemicals
2.4. Plant-Cell Tissue Culture
2.5. Research Needs and Opportunities
