Module 3

Question 1

Major difference between plant and microbial cells in size, metabolism, sensitivity to shear, Growth characteristics

Answer 1

SIZE: Plants is larger compared to microbial cells
METABOLISM: Plants are more complex and slower, while microbial are simple and faster.
SHEAR SENSITIVITY: Plants are more sensitive compared to microbial that are less sensitive.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS: Tend to grow in clumps causing poor mixing and clogging compared to microbial no tendency to grow in clumps.

Question 2

Crystalline, physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds extracted from acidic solutions, and use in the pharmaceutical industry.
EX. codeine, nicotine, caffeine and morphine

Answer 2

Alkaloids

Question 3

Mixtures of terpenoids and used as flavorants, fragrances and solvents.

Answer 3

Essential oils

Question 4

Include of phenolics, tannins and flavonoids, saponins utilized as dyes, food flavor and pharmaceuticals.

Answer 4

Glycosides

Question 5

Modes of plant cell culture

Answer 5

• Embryo culture
• Cell culture
• Callus culture
• Organ culture

Question 5

Why plant Cell?

Answer 5

• Biotransformation and biological compounds are possible using plant cells.
• Proteins can also be produced using plants.
• Little risk of human infection.

Question 6

Cells from the embryo are grown on agar media and allowed to develop into plants.

Answer 6

Embryo

Question 7

Some specialized tissues are able to regenerate a whole new plant.

Answer 7

Organ culture

Question 8

Results when specific tissues are excised from the adult plant and allowed to form a structure known as a callus.

Answer 8

Callus culture

Question 9

Involves the dissociation of cells into a single cell suspension from where new plants can be generated.

Answer 9

Plant cell culture

Question 10

A naphthoquinone pigment, known for its sweet, salty, and cooling taste.
Lithospermum erythrorhizon

Answer 10

Shikonin

Question 11

Plant tissue culture media for
beginners

Answer 11

1. Murashige and Skoog medium (MS)
2. Linsmaier and Skoog medium
3. Gamborg medium
4. Nitsch and Nitsch medium
5. White’s medium
6. Quoirin & Lepoivre medium (QL)

Question 12

Are rapidly dividing homogeneous suspensions of cell known grow in liquid nutrient media from which samples can be taken.

Answer 12

Cell suspension culture

Question 13

Macronutrients

Answer 13

Salts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

Question 14

Micronutrients

Answer 14

Salts of Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo, and Co

Question 15

Organic supplements

Answer 15

Vitamins, thiamine, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine

Question 16

Plant growth regulators

Answer 16

Auxins, cytokinins

Question 16

Carbohydrate source

Answer 16

Sucrose

Question 17

Advantage of cultivating plant cells

Answer 17

• Cultivation is independent of weather and geographical conditions
• More control in quality and yields of the product
• Higher products of metabolic products in suspension culture than in whole plants.

Question 18

It is a process where the biological sample are brought to a state such that all fractions of the sample are in equal composition

Answer 18

Homogenization

Question 19

Mechanical homogenizer

Answer 19

Mortar and pestle, sonicator

Question 20

Plant cell walls are consist of multiple layers of?

Answer 20

Cellulose

Question 21

CELL DISRUPTION IN PLANT CELLS
- Require some sort of force to separate cellular components without adding chemicals or enzymes.

Answer 21

Mechanical method

Question 22

Mechanical methods

Answer 22

1. Mortar and Pestle/ Grinding 2. Blender 3. Bead beating 4. Ultra sonication 5. Centrifuge 6. Filtration 7. Homogenization

Question 23

* Glass or ceramics are used to crack open cells. * This method relies on the addition of grinding beads to tube and then repeatedly vortexing the sample. * Homogenizing samples by vortexing generates significant amounts of heat due to the friction created by the grinding balls.

Answer 23

Bead beating

Question 24

This does not have to be in suspension and it is often done with the plant samples frozen in the liquid N. this method is the fastest and most efficient way to access plant proteins and DNA.

Answer 24

mortar and pestle

Question 25

* This is the same process used by centrifugation, which separates or concentrates materials suspended in a liquid medium. * The blades shear and cut tissues reducing tissues in size significantly

Answer 25

Blender

Question 26

-A force, arising from the body’s inertia , which to act on a body moving in a circular path and is directed away from the center around which the body is moving

Answer 26

Centrifuge

Question 26

works on the principle of increasing effective gravity to enhance the rate of settling of suspended particles denser than the buffer.

Answer 26

Centrifuge

Question 27

* producing a local shockwave and disrupting the cell walls by pressure change * High frequency sound waves cause the cell to lyse.

Answer 27

Ultrasonication

Question 28

is the most widely used cell disruption technique for small volumes and cultured cells. * Cells are lysed by forcing the cell or tissue suspension through a narrow space.

Answer 28

Homogenization

Question 29

* disrupt the cell membrane to release the cell’s content in the solvent * applicable to suspensions of mammalian or bacterial cells.

Answer 29

Freeze thaw

Question 30

bubble formation

Answer 30

Cavitation

Question 31

* (along with autoclave and other high temperature) are used to disrupt the bonds within cell walls, and also to denature proteins. * excess heat can quickly damage the rest of the cell

Answer 31

Microwave/Thermolysis

Question 32

Can be regarded as an ultrasound source with a broad frequency band resulting in the production of cavitation phenomena

Answer 32

Electrical discharge

Question 33

Chemical Methods Often used with the plant cells (and sometimes combination with shearing)

Answer 33

-Toluene - ether - methanol -surfactants phenyl ethyl alcohol - DMSO

Question 34

Potent protein denaturants that eliminate RNA activity

Answer 34

Guanidine isothiocyanate

Question 35

Disrupts the non-covalent interaction and destroying the molecular structure

Answer 35

Chaotropic agent

Question 36

To denature proteins, inhibits enzyme and interact strongly with lipids

Answer 36

Ionic detergent

Question 36

To dissolve certain structural molecules in cell membrane

Answer 36

Non-ionic solvent

Question 36

Cause drastic change of osmotic environment around cells

Answer 36

Special buffer

Question 37

enzyme can be used to disrupt the cell wall. *This method is particularly useful for isolating the cell without the wall (protoplast)

Answer 37

beta (1-6) and beta (1-3) glycanase

Question 38

are used for the lysis of plant cell wall for isolating protoplast and other application.

Answer 38

Pectinase

Question 39

What are the enzymatic disruption

Answer 39

-Lysozyme - Lyticase - Labiase

Question 40

Is real and constant danger to nearly half of the world's population

Answer 40

Malaria

Question 41

Originate from the Plant Artemisinia annua. The first-choice treatment for malaria

Answer 41

Artemisinin