Module 1 + 2: Introduction / Cell Biology

Question 1

What are the levels of organisation?

Answer 1

From smallers to largest:

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Populations

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Question 2

Name the ten organ systems

Answer 2

Circulatory

Digestive

Endocrine

Immune

Integumentary

Musculoskeletal

Nervous

Reproductive

Respiratory

Urinary

Question 3

Difference between Function and Process? What are their approaches called?

Answer 3

Function explains the “why” -Teleological approach. Process (or mechanism) describes the “how” -Mechanistic approach.

Question 4

What law does homoeostasis depend on?

Answer 4

The law of mass balance.

Question 5

What is the law of mass balance?

Answer 5

Mass Balance = Existing body load + Intake or metabolic production - Excretion or metabolic removal.

Question 6

Difference between local and reflex control?

Answer 6

Local control is restricted to tissue, reflex control uses long-distance pathways or a nervous and/or endocrine system.

Question 7

What are the four biomolecules?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleotides

Question 8

What does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 8

One or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar and a carbon-nitrogen ring

Question 9

What is a carbon-nitrogen ring structure called?

Answer 9

A nitrogenous base

Question 10

(Advanced Question) What is an eicosanoid?

Answer 10

Eiconsanoids are a modified 20-carbon fatty acid with a complete or partial carbon ring at one end and two long carbon chain “tails”. They act as regulators of physiological functions.

Question 11

What bond links two DNA nitrogenous bases?

Answer 11

Hydrogen bonds

Question 12

What bases are purines and pyrimidines?

Answer 12

Purines: -Adenine -Guanine Pyrimidines -Cytosine -Thymine -Uracil

Question 13

(Advanced Question) When a protein is selective bonded, what type of bond is it?

Answer 13

Non-covalent

Question 14

What are signalling molecules also called?

Answer 14

Ligands

Question 15

What are the three types of protein activation and two types of protein inhibition called?

Answer 15

Proteolytic activation

Cofactors

Allosteric activator A

Competitive inhibitor

Allosteric inhibition

Question 16

What is proteolytic activation?

Answer 16

Protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed.

Question 17

What are cofactors in regards to protein activation?

Answer 17

Cofactors are required for an inactive protein to be active; attaches are the active binding site.

Question 18

What is allosteric activation?

Answer 18

An allosteric activator is a modulator that binds to protein away from the binding site and turns it on.

Question 19

What is a competitive inhibition?

Answer 19

A competitive inhibitor blocks ligands by binding at the binding site.

Question 20

What is allosteric inhibition?

Answer 20

An allosteric inhibitor is a modulator that binds to protein away from the binding site and in-activates the binding site.

Question 21

Three major cavities of the body?

Answer 21

Cranial

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

Question 22

What are the three major fluid-filled compartments of the body?

Answer 22

Circulatory system

Eyes

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 23

What is a lumen?

Answer 23

A channel or a tube; usually connects with outside environment.

Question 24

Four main types of hollow organs?

Answer 24

Heart

Lungs

Blood vessels

Intestines

Question 25

What are the four major components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 25

Microvilli Micro-filaments Micro-tubules Intermediate filaments

Question 26

What are micro-filaments? (Advanced Question) What are they composed of?

Answer 26

Micro-filaments form a network just inside the cell membrane. Composed of actin.

Question 27

What are micro-tubules? (Advanced Question) What are they composed of?

Answer 27

Composed from the globular protein tubulin; these are the largest cytoskeleton fibre.

Question 28

What are intermediate filaments? (Advanced Question) What are two major examples?

Answer 28

They are named intermediate filaments because they are intermediate in thickness between actin filaments and micro-tubules. Examples are myosin and keratin .

Question 29

What do centrosomes do?

Answer 29

Assemble tubulin monomers into microtubules.

Question 30

What do centrioles do?

Answer 30

Direct DNA movement in cell division.

Question 31

What do cilia do?

Answer 31

Assist with fluid movement across cells.

Question 32

What are kinesins and dyneins do on microtubules?

Answer 32

Protein bases that assist with movement of vesicles along microtubules .

Question 33

What do dyneins do?

Answer 33

Support the base and assist with movement of cilia and flagella.

Question 34

(Advanced Question) What are the two components of the mitochondria? What is the space between them called?

Answer 34

There is an ECM matrix and an inner matrix and folds into leaflets called cristae. The inter-membrane space lies between the two.

Question 35

(Advanced Question) What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?

Answer 35

A series of hollow curved sacs called cristenae stacked on top of one another. The GA participates in protein modification and packaging.

Question 36

Difference between smooth and rough ER?

Answer 36

Rough ER has ribosomes; it is the main site of protein synthesis while the smooth ER synthesis lipids and in some cells concentrates and stores calcium ions.

Question 37

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

Answer 37

A double-membrane nuclear envelope.

Question 38

What protein is usually found alongside DNA and RNA in the nucleus?

Answer 38

Nucleoli

Question 39

How does a nucleus contact with the cytoplasm?

Answer 39

Through pores

Question 40

What are lysosomes?

Answer 40

Lysosomes are small, spherical storage vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes

Question 41

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 41

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign materials.

Question 42

What layer of matrix does most epithelial attach to?

Answer 42

The basal lamina

Question 43

Three type of cell junctions?

Answer 43

Gap Junctions (communicating junction) Tight Junction (occluding junction) Desmosomes (anchoring junction)

Question 44

Where do desmosome junctions anchor? What do desmosomes allow?

Answer 44

They anchor in the cytoskeleton. Since they space out two cells, they allow water and fluid to flow between the two cells (like a bridge).

Question 45

What do gap junctions function like? Where are you most likely to find them?

Answer 45

A tunnel between two cells. Most likely found in cells that spread action potentials, such as the heart.

Question 46

Five types of epithelia?

Answer 46

Exchange epithelium Transporting epithelium Ciliated epithelium Protective epithelium Secretory epithelium

Question 47

What do genotypes become upon transcription?

Answer 47

Phenotypes

Question 48

What is a phenotype?

Answer 48

The observable characteristics, at the physical, morphologic, or biochemical level, of an individual, as determined by the genotype and environment.

Question 49

(Advanced Question) How many genes do humans roughly have?

Answer 49

~30,000

Question 50

(Advanced Question) What chromosome is involved with down syndrome?

Answer 50

#21

Question 51

Order of DNA synthesis?

Answer 51

DNA -\> Transcription -\> mRNA - \> Translation -\> protein

Question 52

What parts of an mRNA are spliced away?

Answer 52

Introns

Question 53

(Advanced Question) What are added to mRNA after transcription?

Answer 53

a 5' cap and Poly-A tail

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