Module 3: Endocrine Flashcards
(53 cards)
What is the portal system inside the hypothalamus called? What pituitary does it connect with?
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal (pituitary) portal system connects with the anterior pituitary.
What is diffusion?
Transport across a selectively permeable membrane
What is facilitated diffusion?
Uses carrier proteins No energy input, down a concentration gradient Conformational change.
What is active transport?
Energy input, against a concentration gradient Primary (direct) transport uses ATP Secondary (indirect) transport use potential energy or another molecule.
Three types of vesicular transport?
Phagocytisis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
(Advanced Question) What are the characteristics of endocytosis?
It is an active process that can be non-selective (pinocytosis) or highly selective. Can recycle its membrane. It also has a receptor-mediated endocytosis that uses coated pits.
Four type of membrane receptors?
Ligand-gated
G protein-coupled
Receptor-enzymes
Integrin receptors
What is signal transduction?
Transmission of signal from one side of the membrane to the other.
When it comes to alpha and beta receptors, what does alpha and beta usually do?
Alpha tends to constrict a blood vessel, while beta dilates.
What hormone does the pinneal gland release?
Melatonin.
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
Oxytocin and vasopressin.
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyrotropin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone
Three major classes of hormones?
Peptide
Steroid
Amine (tyrosine derivatives)
(Advanced Question) Two types of amine hormones?
Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones
(Advanced Question) What do peptide/protein hormones do?
Transported in blood at half-life. Binds to surface membrane-proteins. Cellular response through signal transduction system.
Where are steroid hormones produced? Via what precursor?
In the adrenal glands and gonads, via cholesterol.
Are steroids lipophillic or lipophollic?
Lipophillic.
Characteristics of steroid hormones?
Longer half-life
Slower acting
Genomic effect to active or repress genes for protein synthesis
Non-genomic response
What are catecholamines?
Amines derived from tyrosine
(Advanced Questions) What is the difference between catecholamines and non-catecholamines?
The basic difference between the catecholamines and non-catecholamines is that one is produced within the body and the other is the name given to a groups of drugs that generate the same reaction in the body as the catecholamines.
What are thyroid hormones used for?
Fight or flight responses
(Advanced Questions) How does on convert tyrosine to thyroid hormones?
Thyroid hormones are synthesised from two tyrosine and iodine atoms.
What does a trophic hormone control?
The secretion of another hormone.
What is the portal system inside the hypothalamus called? What pituitary does it connect with?
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal (pituitary) portal system connects with the anterior pituitary.
