Module 1-4 Flashcards by Docayag Angelica S.

refers to a large-scale change in the climate system that takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades and causes substantial disruptions in human and natural systems. It is a
change in climate that happens much faster than it normally would.

Abrupt climate change

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the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order
to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities; human intervention may
facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects or making changes to live
with the impacts of climate change.

Adaptation

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the primary greenhouse gas and driver of climate change.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

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methods or processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere by either increasing biological sinks of CO2 or using chemical processes to directly bind CO2.

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR)

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when anthropogenic CO2 emissions are balanced globally by anthropogenic carbon dioxide removals over a specified period or net-zero carbon dioxide emission or no net carbon dioxide is added into the air.

Carbon neutral

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the average of weather patterns over a longer period of time (usually 30 or more years).

Climate

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the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, or a region on Earth, and includes more than just the average surface temperature. For example,
variations in the amount of rainfall, sea levels, and sea ice can all be consequences.

Climate change

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the lead policy making body of the Philippine Government tasked to coordinate, monitor and evaluate government programs and ensure the mainstreaming of the climate change development plans at all levels towards climate resilient and climate-smart Philippines.

Climate Change Commission

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a yearly international climate conference where nations assess progress and determine next steps for action through the UNFCCC treaty.
They work on global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Conference of the Parties (COP)

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are greenhouse gases released into the air that are produced by numerous activities, including burning fossil fuels, industrial agriculture, and melting permafrost, to name a few. These gases cause heat to be trapped in the atmosphere, slowly increasing the Earth’s temperature over time.

Emissions

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sources of non-renewable energy, formed from the remains of living organisms that were buried millions of years ago. Like coal and oil to produce energy, where the majority of greenhouse gases originate.

Fossil Fuels

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an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from human-
made greenhouse gas emissions.

Global warming

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a chemical compound found in the Earth’s atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other human-made gases that allow much of the solar radiation to enter the atmosphere, traps and warms the earth surface.
The more heat is trapped, and the warmer it will become.

Greenhouse Gas

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Outline the actions countries intend to take beginning in 2020 under a proposed global climate agreement. These plan will play a big part in moving us forward on the path toward a low-carbon, clean energy future.

INDC or Intended Nationally Determined Contribution.

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First set up in 1988 under two UN organizations, the IPCC surveys the research on climate change happening all around the world and reports to the public about the current state of our scientific knowledge.

IPCC or the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

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the main component of natural gas, a common fossil fuel source and a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere. It doesn’t stay in the atmosphere as long as carbon dioxide, but it absorbs 84 times more heat, making it very harmful to the climate.

Methane

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actions that reduce emissions or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases or topping climate change from getting worse. Examples are
planting trees for CO2 sequestration. It can also include developing and deploying new technologies, using renewable energies like wind and solar, or making older equipment more energy efficient and waste management approaches.

Mitigation (of climate change):

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energy that comes from naturally replenished resources, such as sunlight, wind, waves, and geothermal heat.

Renewable energy

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it relates to climate change is caused by two major factors. First, more water is released into the ocean as glaciers and land ice melts. Second, the ocean expands as ocean temperatures increase. Both of these consequences of climate
change are accelerating sea-level rise around the world, putting millions of people who live in coastal communities at risk.

Sea-Level Rise

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a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and balances social, economic and environmental concerns.

Sustainable development

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a level of change in system properties beyond which a system reorganizes, often abruptly, and does not return to the initial state even if the drivers of the change are abated. It is a critical threshold when global or regional climate changes from one stable state to another stable state. It happened when it is too late to stop the effects of climate change.

Tipping point

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an environmental treaty that nations joined in 1992, with the goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.

UNFCCC or the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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atmospheric conditions in the short term, including changes in temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, brightness, wind, and visibility.

Weather

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The Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change which includes

sea level rise,
rising temperatures, and
increased frequency of extreme weather events

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Philippines ranked ____ as the most affected country by _____________ ____ between 2000 and 2019 (Germanwatch, 2021)

4th weather-related events

the most active tropical cyclone basin in the world.

the Northwestern Pacific Basin

it is the specific condition of the atmosphere at a particular space and time measured in terms of parameters as wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation.

Weather

usually described in terms of the mean and variability of temperature, precipitation, and wind over a period of time, ranging from months to thousands of years.

Climate

What to do as a forester?

be aware of what is going on globally. Improving our tropical forests Be familiar with the tools that can help assess our climate resilience, device climate-proof programs come up with adaptation strategies not only for people but also for our forests

cheapest mitigation measure that we can still do at present

Planting trees

“A statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or change in precipitation, temperature, and wind, persisting typically decades or longer”

CLIMATE CHANGE

“Change in the climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activities, in addition to natural climate variability observed, over a comparable period of time”

CLIMATE CHANGE

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Natural processes Anthropogenic activities

Anthropogenic activities

a. Population increase b. Land use and cover change c. Industrialization d. Technology innovations e. Production systems f. Greenhouse gases emissions

when a volcano erupts, it throws out large amounts of _____________________________ in the atmosphere

Sulphur dioxide, water vapor, dust and ash

GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs)

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone

An increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from human-made greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC, 2017)

GLOBAL WARMING

If GHG emissions continue to grow rapidly, it is expected that, by _____ , the global average air temperature over the Earth’s surface will warm by around ____

2100, 4°C

2 types of drivers of Climate Change

Natural Factors Anthropogenic Factors

What is the source of energy of Earth's Climate system

Sun

The amount of energy coming from the sun is ___ _____ but keeps _____.

not constants but keeps changing

Natural factors of climate change

1. Solar variations 2. Volcanic Eruptions 3. Greenhouse gases

When a volcano erupts it throws out large amounts of?

Sulfur dioxide Water vapor Dust and ash

What are the anthropogenic factors of climate change?

1. Population increase 2. Land use and cover change 3. Industrialization 4. Technology Innovations 5. Production process 6. Greenhouse gases emissions

Gases that act a bit like glass in a greenhouse:

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Chlorofluorocarbon Ozone

Does GHG occur naturally?

YES

the primary greenhouse gas and driver of climate change. This is produced mainly from burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, and burning of forests.

Carbon Dioxide

the second largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide and a highly effective heat-trapping gas, is formed in rice paddies and in the bellies of sheep and cattle, as well as in garbage dumps.

Methane

these gases are present in vehicle exhaust emissions, but are also produced by power stations and intensive agricultural practices.

Nitrous Oxide

Gas produced from industrial process

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

Gas primarily from naturally occuring water

Ozone

Causes for rising GHG Emissions

Burning coal and gas Deforestation Increasing livestock farming Fertilizers Agricultural practices

What does burning coal, oil and gas produces?

Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide

If cows and sheep digest their food what does it produces?

Methane

If fertilizers consist nitrogen what does it produce?

Nitrous oxide emissions

Evidences of Climate Change

1.Global Warming 2.Sea Level Rise 3. Extreme weather events 4. Shrinking Ice sheets 5. Ocean Acidification

an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature from human -made greenhouse gas emissions, with CO2 being the largest contributor. - IPCC

Global warming

What is the global sea level rise in the last century?

8 inches (20 cm)

Does the rate in the last two decades nearly doubled that of the last century?

YES and still accelerating

Between 1993-2019 how much ice per yer does Greenland and Antarctic lost?

Greenland 279 billion tons per year Antarctic 148 billion tons per year

Since the beginning of Industrial Revolution, the surface of the ocean increased in acidity by?

30%

Why does the surface of the ocean increases in acidity?

It is a result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

How much CO2 does tge ocean absords?

20% - 30% anthropogenic CO2 7.2 - 10. 8 billion metric tons per year

In the most affected country related by weather events between 2000-2019, what is the rank of Philippines?

4th

the most active tropical cyclone basin in the world.

Northwestern Pacific Basin

What can we do as a forester?

be aware of what is going on globally Be familiar with the tools that can help assess our climate resilience, device climate-proof programs and come up with adaptation strategies

What is the cheapest mitigation measure?

Planting trees

Forests cover is ____ of the earth’s surface and contain an estimated ___ ________ trees.

1/3 , 3 trillion trees.

three major forest zones that are separated according to their distance from the equator

Tropical Temperate Boreal Forest (taiga)

four well-defined seasons in this zone. They are adapted to both cold winters and warm summer weather.

Temperate

This forest have two seasons - short moist warm summer & long cold dry winter. Precipitation usually in form of snow.

Boreal Forests (Taiga)

Temperatures range of boreal forest

-40 to 20°C

Tropical forests are forested landscapes growing within ___ _______ north or south of the equator or in tropical regions approximately bounded by the tropic of ______ and _______.

28 degrees, Cancer, Cancer

What countries does tropical forests found?

Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Mexico, Central America

Tropical forests cover about ________________ or 1/10 of the world’s land area.

1,700 million hectares

80% of the world's documented species can be found in _______ ______.

Tropical Forest

How much rainfall does tropical forest receives per year?

200 cm

what is the temperature range of tropical forest?

18°C and 35°C

The soil composition of tropical forest is several meters deep but only have ___ of ____ ____ and ________.

10% of organic material and nutrients

Boreal forest have ____ of organic material in litter and sediments.

90%

What is the three main types of tropical forest that are distinguished by differences in the distribution of rainfall throughout the year, by elevation, and by soil type.

Tropical montane forest Tropical Dry/ Monsoon Forest Tropical Rain/ Moist Forest

This forest occurs at an altitude of 800 m or above and referred to as upland or sometimes hill forests

Tropical Montane Forest

It covers the Himalayas and stretch south into Myanmar and the mountains of Thailand and Vietnam. In Latin America, the zone includes the Andes and the highlands of Mexico, and in Africa it covers the highlands of Ethiopia and the mountainous areas around Lake Victoria.

Tropical Montane Forest

This forest is often a forest of short trees 10–12 m high in a single stratum.

Upper tropical montane

When their trunks and boughs are misshapen and covered in mosses, lichens, and liverworts this is called ________.

Mossy Forest

Located 2000 - 3000 m above sea level which coincides with belts of mist and cloud

Mossy Forest

If the forest is located above the cloud zone the trees are______

taller and the mosses is less in evidence.

On the highest tropical mountains, ____________occurs as a further zone.

subalpine forest .

A type of tropical forest that grows in regions with a marked dry season. It has a distinct formation type, dominated by both evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees.

Tropical Dry/Monsoon Forests

The dry period in this forest is severe, and during this most trees defoliate in order to reduce water loss. The structure of the forest is also simpler than that of the rain forest, with fewer tree strata, and less luxuriant growths of climbing and herbaceous plants.

Tropical Dry/Monsoon Forests

Habitats in this forest are stratified into three to five distinct layers from ground level to the tops of the tallest trees.

Tropical Rain/Moist Forests

scattered gigantic trees form the ________, where most of the flowering and fruiting takes place which sustains other animals.

canopy

It is composed of small trees and shrubs growing between the trunks of the major trees, as well as climbing woody vines (lianas) and many epiphytes—mainly orchids, bromeliads, and arboreal ferns—that attach themselves to the trees.

Understory

It receives very little sunlight but is alive with fungi and insects that play an important role in the wider forest ecosystem animals and microorganisms that scavenge on the detritus raining from above.

Forest Floor

The rainfall in Tropical rainforest is _______ per year

1700 mm

In tropical rain forest it has ____ to ___ different ___ in ____.

100-250 diff. species in 1 hectare.

The largest, lushest, and most biologically diverse of the remaining tropical moist forests are in the:

a. Amazon Basin of South America b. Congo River basin of central Africa, c. Large islands of southeast Asia (Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua, New Guinea).

Encompass the single largest remaining tropical rainforest in the world, it also houses at least 10% of the world’s known biodiversity

Amazon Basin of South America

contains 90-140 billion metric tons of carbon, the release of even a portion of which would accelerate global warming significantly.

Amazon Basin of South America

It makes up 18% of the world's remaining rainforest and soak up approximately 1.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year

Congo River basin of central Africa

the most endangered habitat on earth and most vulnerable to deforestation.

rainforest

Due to felling for timber by logging companies and cleared by people for farming rainforest is destroyed __________ each year.

140,000 km2

in tropical countries ______ and _________ is a major environmental, social and economic problem.

forest degradation and deforestation

our planet loses tropical forestland equivalent to the size of _________ every year or the size of ____________ each minute.

Bangladesh every year and 40 football field every minute

A number of tropical forests have been designated as ___-______ _____ _____.

High-Biodiversity and Wilderness area

using a resource in such a way that future uses are not impaired, which requires sound knowledge of tropical forest ecology.

Sustainable

One possibility as a conservation strategy that can succeed only if management plans are properly implemented

Sustainable timber harvest

The success of all conservation efforts depends on ensuring that _____ _____ ________ ________, which requires strong cooperation among peoples and nations.

local people benefit economically

Climate change is a problem of “____________” much likely to end like the “_____________”.

global commons, tragedy of the commons

Effective climate policy involves

building institutions and capacity for governance

Acknowledgement of climate change realities started in ____ when the first world climate conference was held in ______.

1979 , Geneva

Who introduced the world climate conference?

World Meteorological Organization in response to the observation of climatic events over the previous decade

I was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The main objective of this was to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to the understanding of human induced climate change, potential impacts of climate change and options for mitigation and adaptation.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

How many members does the IPCC have currently?

195 members

In _____ , the IPCC and U.S. Vice-President ___ _____ were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

2007. Al Gore

when was the First IPCC Assessment Report?

1990,

It played a decisive role in the creation of the UNFCCC

First IPCC Assessment Report (FAR)

the key international treaty to reduce global warming and cope with the consequences of climate change.

UNFCCC

a multilateral treaty adopted in 1992, which then went into force in 1994.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

the main driving force and facilitator of climate action globally, including landmark agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015).

UNFCCC

How many countries ratified UNFCCC?

197 states

What is the main objective of the UNFCCC?

the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent severe impacts on the climate system.

It introduced the emission reduction commitments for developed countries for a five-year commitment period between 2008 and 2012.

Kyoto Protocol

During the ____UNFCCC conference of the parties (COP-_) in ______, the Kyoto protocol was adopted and went into force in _____.

third, 1997, 2005

It only binds ________ ______, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of “CBDR”

developed countries , common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities

The targets for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely:

Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

three market-based mechanisms on Kyoto Protocol

Clean Development Mechanism Joint implementation projects Emissions Trading

allows developed country parties to invest and develop emission reduction projects in developing countries, to drive sustainable development in the host country as well as offset carbon emissions of the investing party.

Clean Development Mechanism

allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn

certified emission reduction (CER)

How much is the equivalent of 1 CER ?

one ton of CO2

the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund which is 2% levy on CERs.

CDM

allow developed country parties (Annex I Party) to develop similar projects, however, in other developed countries that are protocol parties, offsetting excess emissions of the investing party.

Joint implementation projects

scheme under the Kyoto Protocol set up a platform where carbon units, or units generated by projects registered under the JI or the CDM, or from removals through forestry activities, can be exchanged, i.e. sold and purchased, according to a country’s needs.

Emissions Trading

the process of buying and selling permits and credits that allow the permit holder to emit carbon dioxide. It has been a central pillar of the EU’s efforts to slow climate change.

Carbon trading

What does the model used in all current carbon trading schemes called?

cap and trade

A scheme wherein a government or intergovernmental body sets an overall legal limit on emissions (the cap) over a specific period of time, and grants a fixed number of permits to those releasing the emissions.

‘cap and trade’

legally binding international treaty on climate change.

PARIS AGREEMENT

It was adopted by ____Parties during the _____ UNFCCC conference of the parties (COP-__) in Paris, on _________ and entered into force on ____________.

196, 21st, December 12, 2015, November 4 2016

What is the main objective of the Paris agreement?

to limit the global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C.

To limit global warming to 1.5°C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before ____ at the latest and decline__ by ____.

2025 , 43%, 2030

a landmark in the multilateral climate change process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects.

Paris Agreement

In here countries communicate actions they will take to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in order to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

KEY POINTS OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Temperature Emissions Objective Burden Sharing Climate Damage Differentiation Finance Review Mechanism

when was the first world review of NDC's ?

2023 OR 2025

What does REDD means?

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

an effort to create financial value from the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)

This goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

REDD+

It is estimated that globally, deforestation and forest degradation account for around ____ of CO2 emissions.

11%

Under the framework with these REDD+ activities, developing countries can receive ______________ for emission reductions when they reduce deforestation.

results-based payments

How does REDD+ reduces deforestation?

through the conservation and sustainable management of forests and supporting developing countries in turning their political commitments into action on the ground.

It means reducing risk of loss from the occurrence of any future undesirable event

Mitigation

It means a change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment. It is the action or process of adapting or being adapted to the current situation.

Adaptation

What are the two prolonged approach involved in responding to climate change?

Climate Change Mitigation Climate Change Adaptation

It is reducing climate change which involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the sinks that accumulate and store these gases such as the oceans, forests and soil.

Climate Change Mitigation

It is an intervention aimed at reducing the severity of climate change by controlling emissions of greenhouse gases and/or enhancing carbon sinks.

Climate Change Mitigation

It is adapting to life in a changing climate – involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate.

Climate Change Adaptation

It is an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to climatic changes. It is classified into ______ and _______

Autonomous and Planned

Adjustments initiated and implemented by individuals, households or private companies.

Autonomous

Adjustments initiated and implemented by governments at all levels. Public adaptation is usually directed at collective needs.

Planned

The ability to adjust to climate change to cope with potential damages or take advantage of new opportunities.

Adaptive capacity

Climate Change Act of 2009

Republic Act No. 9729

It integrates climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies into policy formulation and development activities of all government agencies.

Republic Act No. 9729

It also created the Climate Change Commission, chaired by the President of the Republic of the Philippines, as the central entity for all climate change-related plans and programs in the country.

Republic Act No. 9729

shall be the sole policy-making body of the government which shall be tasked to coordinate, monitor and evaluate the programs and action plans of the government relating to climate change.

Climate Change Commission

They formulated the 2010-2022 National Framework Strategy on Climate Change which identified a long-term mitigation objective of facilitating the transition towards low GHG emissions for sustainable development.

the Philippines’ Climate Change Commission (CCC)

It identified a long-term mitigation objective of facilitating the transition towards low GHG emissions for sustainable development.

National Framework Strategy on Climate Change

seven strategic priority areas for the Philippines (CCC, 2019)

1. food security, 2. water sufficiency, 3. ecosystem and environmental stability, 4. human security, 5. climate-smart industries and services, 6. sustainable energy, and 7. knowledge and capacity development.

It outlines the agenda for adaptation and mitigation from 2011-2028 in seven strategic priority areas for the Philippines (CCC, 2019)

the National Climate Change Action Plan in 2011

In its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the Philippines committed to reduce its GHG emissions by

70% by 2030

It both support national level planning and implementation for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+).

UNREDD Program and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

When was the Philippines National REDD+ Strategy developed and approved?

2012