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Microbiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is microbiology

A

study of biological processes at microscopic level

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2
Q

What is a cell

A

smallest basic unit of life

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3
Q

what are the 4 main type of macromolecules

A

protein, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides

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4
Q

what is a protein

A

polymer( lg molecule of smaller unit) of amino acids

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5
Q

What is function of protein

A

facilitate movement of material in and out of cell
some act as enzymes that catalyze a process
some have structural roles, others as filaments aid in movmemnt

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6
Q

how many different amino acids are there and how many are essential

A

20 different amino acids and 9 are essential

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7
Q

what does it mean for an amino acid to be essential

A

means must get it from the environment the body can’t produce it

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8
Q

What is a nucleic acid

A

chemical molecule that carries genetic information within the cell

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9
Q

what are the 2 major nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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10
Q

What is DNA and what does it contain

A

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid: contains lg amount of hereditary information and is responsible for inheritable characteristics
is coiled and twisted in a double helix

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11
Q

What is RNA and what does it contain

A

RNA: ribonucleic aid: deciphers hereditary info in DNA and synthesizes proteins

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12
Q

T/F both RNA and DNA are found in nucleus and only RNA can leave

A

True: both are found in the nucleus and only RNA can leave

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13
Q

Which 4 bases build DNA

A

Adenine, guanine( purine bases)

Cytosine, Thymine( pyrimidine)

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14
Q

Which are complementary base pairs for DNA

A

A-T

G-C

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15
Q

T/F hydrogen bonds form with base pairs

A

T

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16
Q

What are key characteristics of RNA

A

composed of nucleotides
contains sugar
single stranded
contains bases same as DNA: except does not use thymine but Uracil(U) pairs with Adenine

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17
Q

What is the structure and function of lipids

A

composed of hydrophobic hydrocarbons
form foundation of plasma membrane which controls what enters and leaves the cell- has lipid bilayer
hydrophobic tail point inward away from water while hydrophilic head point toward water

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18
Q

what is the structure

A

Polymer of one sugar: made up of carbon, H+ and oxygen

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19
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

sugar: C6, H12, O6-> monosaccaride: simple sugar
sucrose: C12, H22, O11-> disaccharide- joined glucose and fructose
cellulose: C6, H10, O5-> polymer of glucose-> primary structure of cell wall in plants
Chitin: primary component of fungal cell wall

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20
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

simple cell: does not have a nucleus in a nuclear membrane

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21
Q

What are examples of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria, archaea

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22
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria

A

coccus-round
Bacillus-rod
Spirillium- spiral
Vibrio-curved

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23
Q

How are bacteria organized

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A

isolated, in chains or clusters

24
Q

T/F some bacteria have motility capabilities

25
What is structure and function of Archaea
similar to bacteria genetically and compositionally different can survive in harsh environment example of harsh environment: high salt, acidic, high temp, low oxygen
26
What are eukaryotic cells
have true nucleus, presence of membrane
27
How can eukaryotic cells be classified
animalia, plantae, fungi, protista
28
What are animalia cells
multicellular organisms heterotrophic: incapable of producing own energy must consume nutrients from environment and some have motility
29
What are plantae cells
multi-cellular, contain most energy from sunlight via photosynthesis
30
what is photosynthesis
process of converting light energy into chemical energy( sugar)
31
What are fungi cells
multicellular or unicellullar: heterotrophic have chitin- derivative of glucose in cell walls example: mold and mushroom- multicellular yeast- unicellular
32
What are protista
unicellular cells that may form as a colony used when can't classify cell as animal, plant or fungi example: amoeba( motility), algae( plant like) and mold( fungi like)
33
What are viruses
not considered living don't replicate on own but in host outside of host- lie dormant: no metabolism have capsid-> membrane like structure contain genetic material similar to nucleus of eukaryotic cell
34
What is the cell membrane- ID 3 characteristics
encloses main body of cell: known as plasma membrane Semi-permeable layer Bilayer high degree of fluidity
35
T/F does plasma membrane have a semi-permeable barrier
T
36
What is function of semi-permeable barrier
only allow certain substance through by surrounding cytoplasm space of cell
37
What is the bilayer of plasma membrane
composed of amphipathic phospholipids: polar hydrophilic heads and non-polar hydrophobic tails sit with hydrophobic tails facing in and hydrophilic heads facing out towards water in and out of cell
38
what does it mean degree of fluidity for plasma membrane
lipids move freely within 2 layers-> level depends on types of lipid present, the environmental conditions, and if any proteins are present
39
What is a key distinction between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
the membranes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells differ primarily iwht the absence of sterol lipids( cholesterol) Prokaryotic cells do not have sterol lipid in their membrane
40
What is the cell wall structure and function
outer membrane found in bacteria, plants, fungi and algae help to form shape of the cell
41
What are some key characteristics of cell wall
additional layer surrounding cell membrane: is rigid: can't change shape plays an important role in providing support, structure and protection Cell wall composition contains peptidoglycan: polysaccharide matrix
42
What is peptidoglycan function
essential for bacteria survival
43
Do archaea have peptidoglycan
No- they have S- layer or surface layer protein which provides physical and chemical protection
44
What is the structure and function of cytoplasm
open volume within a cell comprised mostly of H20 containing dissolved substances important to function of cell Organelles are housed in cytoplasm
45
What is a nucleus structure and function
defining organelle of all eukaryotic cells defined by porous double lipid bilayer command center contains DNA
46
Where is found genomic material in prokaryotic cell
cytoplasm
47
What happens in the nucleolus in nucleus
site of ribosome synthesis
48
What is a ribosome function and location
responsible for protein synthesis | located in cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and attach to ER
49
What is Endoplasmic Reticulum
series of membrane enclosed sacs that are interconnected continuous with nuclear membrane composed of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough
50
How is rough endoplasmic reticulum distinguished from smooth
by the "bumps" which are the ribosomes that stud on ER surface
51
What is the golgi complex structure and function
``` flattened sacs( vesicles) located in between nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane It is distribution site of the cell Proteins may change, get packed and disturbed to where they need to go ```
52
What are lysosomes structure and function
membrane organelles that have hydrolytic enzyme capable of taking apart unwanted cellular debris such as protein, lipids, nucleic acids and polysaccharides trash service of cell
53
what are mitochondria structure and function
double membrane, create ATP, energy for cell powerhouse of cell tightly packed internal membrane called crystal to greatly increase surface area where reaction occurs
54
What are chloroplast structure and fucntion
double membrane- specific to algae and plants house chlorophyll animal cells- no chloroplast
55
What happens in chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis: process of turning light into ATP and NADPH

Microbiology (7 decks)

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