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Pathogenic Microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

What do I need to always use when deal with unknown pathogen

A

PPE

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2
Q

What 3 things do lab researchers note when analyzing microbial sample

A
  1. morphology- shape and size
  2. motility under microscope
  3. if possible capture images of any characteristics or at least draw them by hand
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3
Q

What 3 things do technician document after testing microbe

A

whether organism is gram (+) or (-)
presence of chemical reaction: gas production or fermentation
Distinct color changes in organism or environment

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4
Q

What is stretpococcus

A

gram (+) round bacteria

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5
Q

How does streptococcus link to other bacteria

A

in chains

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6
Q

Is streptococcus catalase negative or positive

A

negative: can’t break down peroxides

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7
Q

What is the grouping system for streptococcus

A

for beta-hemolytic streptococcus also called lance field group
grouped based on similarities designated by a “letter”
all bacteria catalase negative and coagulase negative: distinct lie in carb composition of bacterial antigen in cell wall

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8
Q

What is streptococcal Pharyngitits

A

strep throat: group A

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9
Q

What are symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis

A

fever, enlarged lymph nodes, reddening of lining in throat cause pain
could lead to complications within ear, sinuses
if left untreated progress to rheumatic fever

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10
Q

What is rheumatic fever

A

occur in 3% untreated cases streptococcal pharyngitis

presents 2-3 week past infection

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11
Q

How does rheumatic fever present

A

inflammation of joints, involuntary jerking, pea-sized nodules beneath skin, reddened area with raised ridges over skin surface
most serious is damage to heart valves

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12
Q

What is treatment for rheumatic fever

A

antibiotics: penicillin

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13
Q

What is streptococcal septicemia

A

blood poisoning
group B infect of blood- can secondarily affect surround tissue
response of host( fever, increased HR etc) to infect agent is equally damaging
life threatening: worsen quick due to systemic
arise from infect in lung, abdomen, urinary tract, precede meningitis or endocarditis

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14
Q

What are SX of streptococcal septicemia

A

fever, chills, rapid breathing, increased HR

rapid progression to shock

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15
Q

What is TX for streptococcal septicemia

A

antibiotics, IV fluids, oxygen

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16
Q

Is septicemia limited to streptococcus

A

no: can by caused by other microbe such as E. Coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella

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17
Q

What is Staphylococcus

A

gram (+), round, grape like cluster
catalase and coagulase (+)
facultative anaerobe
found in 30% of human pop: no symptoms
commensal bacterial: neither harm nor benefit host form which obtain nutrients
compromised immunity: rapid expansion cause illness

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18
Q

How is staphylococcus screened

A

differential screened: all species capable of growth in presence of bile salt

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19
Q

what is a facultative anarobe

A

microbe ability to grow aerobically and anaerobically

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20
Q

What is folliculitis

A

Staph aureus
affects hair follicles: cause formation of lesion: called pustules
pus filled skin lesion( boils) develop anywhere on the skin

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21
Q

What is scalded skin syndrom

A

from Staph Aureus
seen in young children and infants
causes pustules to rupture yielding scalded appearance due to skin peeling
Tx: penicillin or erythromycin

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22
Q

What is conjunctivitis

A

Infection of conductive, inner surface of eyelid
classically known as pink eye
caused by bacterial or viral infection
Staph most common, streptococcus may have similar results

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23
Q

What is impetigo

A 
Staph Aureus
contagious childhood skin disease
fluid filled sores near mouth/nose- if rupture spread to other parts of the body 
cause mild discomfort and itching
Tx: penicillin
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24
Q

what is viral conjunctivitis often associated with

A

common cold

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25
SX of conjunctivitis
red/pink eye: one or both painful, burning, itchy sensations may find eyelid "shut" due to increased in tea production
26
what is best precaution for conjunctivitis
proper hand washing
27
How is conjunctivitis contaminate others
hands rubbing eyes and touching other people and things
28
What is ophthalmia neonatorum
severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis occur in newborns and lead to permanent eye damage unless treated immediately occurs when infant exposed to chlamydia or gonorrhea in birth canal
29
why is antibiotic ointment applied to newbon eyelids
prevent potential infection and permeant eye damage from possible ophthalmia neonatorum
30
what are SX of ophthalmia neonatorum
reddening of sclera, inflamed liming of eyelid and tear duct, discoloration and yellowing fluid
31
What is TB
Tuberculosis and/or mycobacterium tuberculosis | sm. aerobic, non-motile, rod
32
How is mycobacterium best seen
poor gram stain | best seen acid-fast stain
33
How is TB spread
through air via mucosal emission( person to person) | must be inhaled to be infectious
34
Where does TB primarily infect
respiratory system once colonize in lungs- can infect other parts of body: brain, spine, kidney outside of lungs is not infectous
35
What are SX of TB infection
Primary: bad cough for about 3 weeks, pain in chest, cough up blood or heavy mucous Secondary: weakness, fatigue, weight los, fever, chills
36
How do we test for TB
skin test: mantoux- small fluid of tuberculin placed under skin of arm direct blood test if exposed: TB test shows raised, red bump at injection site- indicate body has some level of antibodies
37
What is tuberculin
purified protein extract of tubercle bacillus
38
What is TX for TB
Drug therapy: isoniazid( INH), rifampin( RIF), ethambutol( EMB), pyrazinamide( PZA) lasts 6-9 months: pt must take meds as prescribed if med stop too soon, level of TB bacteria may re-emerge in patient; if taken improperly survive TB may become antibiotic resistant
39
What is Leprosy
also known as Hanson's disease caused by mycobacterium leprae sm. rod shape, acid fast infect remain asymptomatic for 3-20 yr
40
How is leprosy spread
person to person: via airborne droplet from nose/mouth
41
What does leprosy primarily affect
skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes
42
What happens if leprosy is left untreated
severe nerve damage, results in further physical injury due to lack of sensation and feedback signals
43
Is leprosy curable
yes: completely | use multi-drugs: combinations of Dapsone, Rifampin, Clofazimine
44
What is botulism
caused by clostridium botulinum gram (+), anaerobic, spore form, bacillus if exposed to anaerobic condition: release paralytic toxin affect motor neuron spores found in soil/water, harmless until anaerobic condition become available-makes metabolical active
45
What are 3 conditions that cause toxin to produce from clostridium botulin
1. ) food borne illness: result of improper canned/contaminated low acid food: green bean, beats, corn 2. ) infant botulism: usually under 6 months: consume foods containing the bacteria: potential source is honey- infant GI lack microbes to deal with bacterium affectively- in adult: only direct ingestion of toxin cause GI distress 3. ) wound botulism: bacterium colonize in deep wound: puncture: mostly seen in individuals who inject street drugs such as heroin
46
What is a TX strategy for botulism
harness paralytic effect of toxin in form of botox prevents skin from moving and wrinkling i injected in specific areas to prevent cranial muscle spasm in patient with severe migraines
47
What is tetanus
produced by clostridium tetani gram(+), anaerobic, spore form, bacillus found in soil, dust, animal feces tetarospasmin toxin: causes the illness- not bacterium itself
48
What are SX of tetanospasmin toxin
act on inhibitory neuron cause systemic muscle stiffness and spams primarily seen master muscle of jaw also known as "lock jaw"
49
If left untreated tetanospasmin toxin what
induced muscle tightening lead to respiratory failure as muscles to breath no longer function correctly
50
Is there a cure for tetanus
no: just manage complications | preventable by vaccine
51
What is Gas Gangrene
clostridium perfringens | gram(+), anaerobic, spore form, bacillus, found nearly everywhere in nature
52
what does clostridium perfringens produce
aflatoxin perfringolysin under anaerobic condition most often from deep puncture wound acts by form spore in plasma membrane of host cell results in uncontrolled ion fluxes and eventually cell lysis and death
53
How is gas gangrene characterized
muscle necrosis, swelling of infected area, fever, intense gas production( by produce robust carb fermentation user anaerobic condition)
54
What is TX for gas gangrene
remove of all infected tissue: amputation of affected area with heavy antibiotic
55
What additional illness can gas gangrene and is 3rd leading cause
food poisoning if alpha toxin is present and ingest in contaminated foods
56
What is Legionnaires
caused by Legionella gram (-) aerobic, motile( single and flagellum) over 90% of legionnaire dx due to infect by legionella pneumophilia
57
Where is Legionnaires found
fresh water: normally when found in contaminated water system- hot tubs, hot water tanks etc- transmit through droplets so small can be breathed in
58
How is legionnaires spread
direct contact with people | through hot water mist from hot tub, vaporized
59
What are the symptoms of Legionnaries
develop pneumonia, fever, headache, muscle ache, cough, shortness of breath appear 2-10 days after exposure
60
Tx for legionnaires
antibiotics
61
What is plague
yersinia pestir | gram(-), facultative anaerobe, rod, capable to infect human and animals
62
What are the 3 forms of plague
bubonic, pneumonic speticemic
63
What characterizes bubonic plague
painful swollen lymph nodes
64
where is pneumonic plague found
respiratory system- rare: highly virulent form
65
What does septicemic plague target
blood system, very rare, if not treated is life threatening- will affect other organs
66
What Sx appear when infected with plague
SX appear within 2-5 | headache, fever, seizure, bleeding, decreased BP, difficult breath, organ fail
67
What is TX for plague
antibiotics at onset of SX | streptomycin, tetracycline, flurorquinolones, gentamicin, doxycycline
68
What is anthrax
microbe cause: bacillus anthracis | gram(-), aerobic, rod shape, spore-forming, found in soil often exit in endospore form
69
how does bacillus anthracis causes disease
spores ingested: animal or open wound: spore germinate, colonize, disseminate throughout host causing disease
70
what are 3 forms of anthrax
cutaneous: appear lg painless boil: distinct black center at infect site GI: consume food tainted with anthrax( rare)- Intestines complication: diarrhea, vomit Pulmonary: rare: sx= fever, headache, cough, shortness of breath
71
What are the spores of anthrax resilient to
chlorine bleach adopted as bioweapon in 1916 was seen again in 2001
72
Can anthrax be spread from person to person
no | able to distribute spore on clothes
73
What is lyme disease
caused by borrelia burdorferi | motile, flagella, anaerobic spirochete: need negative stain
74
How is Lyme disease transmitted
through tick bite: carries bacteria in saliva
75
What is the trademark sign of Lyme
bullseye rash
76
What are sx of Lyme
fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue | if left untreated long term arthritic and neurological complications
77
What is Gonorrhea
caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoea gram (-), diplococci, fastidious best grown on chocolate agar utilizes pili
78
What are pili
small protein filament appendages for attachment and movement
79
What does gonorrhea cause
inflammatory responses in urethra, throat, prostate, anus and testes
80
What happens if Gonorrhea is left untreated
systemic infection: cardiac and neurological complication such as endocarditis and meningitis
81
What is syphilis
treponema pallidum | gram( -) spirochete: best view under dark field
82
What are Sx of syphilis
imitate other diseases: fever, headache, sores, and rash, official med test require
83
What happens if syphilis is not treated or incorrectly
4 stage complications primary: single multiple sores: 3-6 weeks at infect site secondary: rash-red/brown sport vary intensity- fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, muscle ache, fatigue latent: begin when secondary physical sx go away- may be asymptomatic for over 30 years late: 10-30 years post infect. paralysis, blindness, decreased muscle coordination, dementia, organ failure
84
What is chlamydia
chlamydia trachoma's gram(-), non motile, rod, obligate parasite can't grow on agar alone- needs a host to culture
85
What are Sx of chlamydia
if show up look like gonorrhea | normally no symptoms
86
What is Tx for chlamydia
antibiotics: azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin if left untreated cause severe reproduction complication( infertility) due to pelvic inflammatory disease-in women if untreated
87
What happens if chlamydia goes untreated in men and women
if left untreated cause severe reproduction complication( infertility) due to pelvic inflammatory disease-in women if untreated in men result in urethritis: burning with urination

Microbiology (7 decks)

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