Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Module 2: metabolism > Flashcards

Module 2: metabolism Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is cellular metabolism

A

a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are enzymes

A

group of protein that catalyze chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are characteristics of enzymes

A

not consumed but can be used repeatedly by the cell
have a cofactor
without cofactor enzyme is inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a cofactor

A

small chemical component usually an ion, assist enzymes during catalysis reaction
serve as regulator of chemical reaction
without cofactors: enzymes are inactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 2 classifications of metabolic processes

A

catabolism:

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is catabolism

A

breaking down large molecule into useful energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is anabolism

A

building up of biosynthesis of macromolecule from small unit to a larger
seen usually in growth and repair phase of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is significant about ATP

A

most widely used form of energy in cells

can donate a phosphate group to become ADP and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is significant about ATP donating a phosphate group

A

by donating available phosphate group, ATP transfer from catabolic reaction to anabolic
process fuels a cell to carry out necessary biochemical reaction for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a phototroph

A

acquire energy from photon of light to generate ATP from ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chemotroph

A

acquire energy from preformed chemical in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can Chemotrophs be further divided

A

organotroph: remove electron from organic molecule( glucose)
Lithotroph: remove electron from inorganic( elemental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Heterotroph

A

microorganism that derives carbon from organic molecules( sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is autotroph

A

organism that derives carbon from inorganic molecule( CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is chemoorganohetertroph

A

utilizes glucose in all 3 criteria( electrons, carbon and energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

add phosphate group to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many different levels of phosphorylation and what are they

A

3 levels
Photophosphorlation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

light energy is used to power formation of aTP from ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation

A

phosphoryl ( PO3) group of chemical compound is transferred and donated to ADP. Chemical compound loses phosphate group referred to as phosphorylated active intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

used by Chemotrophs energy released by chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to form ATP. Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cell and is efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is important to note about glucose metabolism

A

its an important metabolic pathway used by microorganism for ATP production
Complete catabolism of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is chemical formula for glucose

24
Q

How many ATP are produced in glucose metabolism and whats the process

Study These Flashcards
A

38 ATP
glycolysis- 2 ATP
fermentation/respiration- 2 ATP
electron transport chain- 34 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation @ plasma membrane

25
What is the process of glycolysis
begin with breakdown of single molecule of glucose 2 electron carrier molecules of coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide( NAD) + 2 ATP Phosphorylation of glucose : (Glucose-6-phosphate->G6P)- both prevent glucose from diffusing out of cell and serve as single molecule to cell that glycolysis is about to begin Once complete products are: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP-> 2 net ATP as 2 are needed as reactants for next cycle of glycoslys
26
What is a reactant
molecules involved at beginning reaction- L side of reaction equation
27
What is a product
molecules on R side of reaction arrow
28
What is full glycolysis reaction
Glucose+2NAD+ (2ADP+Pi)-> 2 pyruvate+2NADH+2ATP+2H+
29
What is fermentation in glycolysis
anaerobic process in which NADH is converted back to NAD+ while pyruvate is converted to a waste by produce-> lactic acid/ ethanol to be eliminated may supply levels of NAD+ in a cell cannon oxidize pyruvate-> does not product addition ATP for cell
30
What is Respiration in glycolysis
more efficient aerobic process used by microorganism to produce energy uses coenzyme flavin adenosine dinucleotide( FAD) at conclusion TCA cycle produces 2 ATP may reduce carriers( electrons) NADH and FADH2
31
What is the TCA cycle
Tricarboxylicacid cycle: central pathway of respiration also known as krebs cycle
32
Primary function of TCA cycle
production of reduced electron carrier by transfer of electrons will fuel generation of ATP via electron transport
33
What is electron transport chain
continuation of cellular respiration and 3rd step in glycolysis proceeds either aerobically or anaerobically anaerobic is less efficient and yields less ATP
34
How does electron transport chain work
1) as electrons are transferred from NADH/HADH2 to terminal electron acceptors- energy is released and captured by electron acceptor protein in inner membrane of mitochondria 2) electron passed down chain of electron acceptor cause protein to be pumped out of mitochondria cause strong differential across membrane of mitochondrial which form protein motive force 3) drives H+ back through ATP synthase complex, also in membrane, results in production of 34 ATP
35
In summary how does glycolysis yield 38 ATP
glycolysis-2 ATP Krebs cycle- 2 ATP Electron transport: 34 ATP
36
What are non-glucose alternatives so break down complex sugars
bacteria insert additional enzymatic steps at beginning of catabolism Polysaccharides, Proteins and Lipids
37
What are polysaccharides
usually too large to be transported across plasma membrane microbes most secrete enzyme capable of degrading polymer into smaller-more manageable unit direct contact is required by microorganism to ensure maximal absorption
38
What are proteins as non glucose alternative to break down sugars
must be broken into smaller units/individaul amino acids by proteases rich source of nutrients- source not only of carbon + energy but also nitrogen+sulfur
39
What are lipids involved in breaking down sugars
rich in energy; have many reduced carbon molecules lipase separate fatty acid chain from glycerol backbone backbone processed for carbon+ energy when fatty acid is degraded by Beta-oxidation: highly efficient process overlaps with TCA+ electron transport for each lipid derived carbon- 48 ATP yield vs 38
40
What is photosynthesis
process of using photon( light) to derive ATP-> capture sunlight and convert it into usable energy source ATP and NADH occur in chloroplast
41
What are chloroplast
double membrane enclose organelle specific to algae and plants and house chlorophyll
42
What is the 2 step process of light and dark reaction in photosynthesis
photophosphorylation | calvin cycle
43
What is photophorylation
light reaction-> converts light energy into chemical to be used by cell in ATP + NADH presence of light is required reaction occurs in membrane as one of main function to generate proton gradient to create ATP
44
What is calvin cycle
dark reaction-> microorganism use ATP and NADH generated by light reaction to convert CO2 + H2O into organic compound + carbs= carbon fixation
45
what is the function of calvin cycle
produce 3-carb compound glyceradlehdye 3-phosphate( G3P) During calvin cycle: NADPH+ATP reverted back to NADP + ADP requires 6 turns for 1 molecule of glucose
46
What is the summary of the total reaction of calvin cycle
6Co2+18ATP+12NADPH+12H20-> C6H12O6+18ADP+12NADP
47
What is protease
catalyze breakdown of protein
48
What is catalase
accelerate decomposition of hydrogen peroxide( H2O2) into water and oxygen without catalase a cell would be unprotected from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species( ROS) and can't survive
49
Lipase what is it
catalyze breakdown of lipids | provide essential role in metabolism of lipids
50
what is hydrolases
catalyze hydrolysis-> break apart chemical bond by adding H2O( A+B+H2O-> A-OH+B-H)
51
What are Isomerases
promote intramolecular rearrangements by altering bonds w/some molecules-> producing different molecule having same formula( A-B-> B-A)
52
What is Ligase
an enzyme causes covalent bond to form( A+B-> A-B)
53
What is Lyase
an enzyme causes break of bonds by mean of other than hydrolysis oxidation ( A-B->A+B)
54
What are oxidoreductases
enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons from reductant( electron donor) to oxidant( electron acceptor) (A-+B-> A+B-
55
What are transferases
enzymes that act to transfer specific groups from one to the other Ab+C-> A+Cb
56
what is the active site
unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules
57
How does active site function
1. )molecules undergo reaction( substrate) will bind to active site found within enzyme molecule 2. ) once substrate attached to active site of enzyme it is converted accordingly 3. ) product is then released from enzyme and reaction is reset

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions