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ISAP > Module 1 - Body Control > Flashcards

Module 1 - Body Control Flashcards

1
Q

what is the speed and control mechanisms of the nervous and endocrine systems

A

nervous is rapid and control is conscious or subconscious (somatic or autonomic)
endocrine is slower/prolonged and controlled by feedback loops

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2
Q

what are the 4 major structures (areas) of the brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
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3
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made of, and what is it responsible for

A
  • responsible for conscious thought and recognition of stimulus
  • it is made of 2-4mm of grey matter
  • and white matter that contains tracts and connects areas
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4
Q

what would be the pathway for sensory information that becomes a conscious recognition

A

receptor - afferent nerves - ascending tracts in spinal cord - ascending tracts in brainstem - thalamus - cerebral cortex (for conscious thought)

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5
Q

what would be the pathway for motor info (in response to a recognition of sensory info)

A

cerebral cortex (decision) - descending tracts in brainstem - spinal cord - motor neuron - effector organ

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6
Q

what are 5 characteristics of a reflex

A

involuntary, rapid (because of minimal synapses), predictable/ stereotyped, unlearnt, doesn’t involve higher brain

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of reflexes and what do they do

A

somatic - controls skeletal muscles - remove you from pain stimuli, keep balance/posture - involves SC or brain for integration

autonomic - controls smooth and cardiac muscle, and body viscera - maintains body functions - can involve SC and brain stem (eg. for HR and BP)

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8
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of the brainstem and what are its 3 parts

A
  • it is the primitive part of the brain
  • it has important integration sections
  • all info (higher brain - sc) travels through this region
    Parts: Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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9
Q

what is in the white matter of the brainstem

A

ascending and descending tracts

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10
Q

what is the role of the medulla oblongata (hint: cssvh)

A
  • integration of reflexes
  • regulation of heart rate ( cardiac centre)
  • regulates blood vessel diameter (vasomotor centre)
  • respiration (medullary rhythmicity centre)
  • coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping
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11
Q

what is the role of the Pons

A
  • initiates REM sleep (sleep centre)
  • respiration (pontine respiratory centre)
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12
Q

what are the 2 centres that work together to aid in respiration and where are they found

A
  • medullary rhythmicity centre ( in the medulla oblongata)
  • pontine respiratory centre (in the pons)
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13
Q

What are the roles of the midbrain

A
  • visual reflexes - coordination of head and eye movement (to track moving objects)
  • auditory reflexes (startle reflex - when hearing a bnag you look to see where it came from)
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14
Q

what 3 structures make up the wall of the 3rd ventricle

A

thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus

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15
Q

what is the role of the thalamus

A

relay of sensory info (directs it to specific area)

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16
Q

what is the role of the epithalamus

A

regulates emotion and circadian rhythm (24hour cycle) - includes the pineal gland

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17
Q

what is the MAIN role of the hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

what is the role of the subthalamus

A

controls motor functions

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19
Q

what are the anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamus and the pineal gland

A

anatomical connection - infundibulum
functional connection - blood vessels and nervous tracts

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20
Q

what homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by the hypothalamus

A
  • body temp
  • sleep wake cycle
  • food intake regulation
  • water balance and thirst
  • autonomic controls - cardiac + smooth muscle + glands and regulates pituitary gland
21
Q

what type of tissue is the pituitary gland and where did it grow from

A

the anterior pituitary is glandular tissue and grew up from the roof of the mouth, the posterior pituitary is nervous tissue and grew down from the brain

22
Q

what % of the pituitary is Anterior pituitary and what hormones does it produce

A

70-80%
- Growth
- Prolactin
- Melanocyte-stimulating
- thyroid stimulation
- ACTH
- FSH and LH

23
Q

which of the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are tropic and what does this mean

A
  • TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH - the target tissue is another endocrine gland
24
Q

what is the target for FSH and LH

A

ovaries and testes

25
Q

what % of the pituitary is Posterior pituitary and what hormones does it produce

A

20-30%
- oxytocin
- Antidiuretic hormone

26
Q

what is a gland

A

a group of secretory cells

27
Q

what are the types of communication by hormones secreted by glands (who can they effect)

A

autocrine - affect themselves
paracrine - affect nearby cells
endocrine - affect cells distant to the source

28
Q

what type of glands are ductless and what is their mode of transport

A

endocrine glands
- they secrete chemicals into the interstitial fluid which then diffuses into capillaries and travels in the blood

29
Q

describe the 2 hormone classifications

A

AMINO ACID based - made from amino acids, peptides, proteins. (eg. all hormones from the pituitary). they are WATER SOLUBLE and DEGRADE RAPIDLY.

STEROID based - made from cholesterol or fatty acids. (eg. testosterone and aldosterone). they are LIPID SOLUBLE and must combine with binding proteins to travel in the blood

30
Q

what are the 3 ways that hormone can alter cell activity

A
  • changing organelle activity
  • changing cell permeability
  • activating a particular cell mechanism (eg. increase or decrease production)
31
Q

describe the process of water based hormone action

A
  • hormone attaches to receptor on cell membrane
  • G Protein is stimulated
  • G protein activates (or inhibits) the enzyme Adenyl-cyclase
  • Adenyl-cyclase converts ATP into cAMP
  • cAMP activates protein kinases
  • kinases alter cell processes to produce desired outcome
  • cAMP degrades rapidly + effect stops

NOTE:
* Adenyl-cyclase is an enzyme that catalyses the ATP - cAMP reaction
* AMP is the Secondary Messenger
*cAMP is cyclic amine monophosphate
* kinases are regulatory enzymes that alter cell processes

32
Q

what 3 methods (stimuli) regulate hormones

A

Humoral Stimuli - direct response to changing levels within the blood (eg. parathyroid gland)

Neural Stimuli - nerves directly stimulate the target cell (eg. adrenal medulla stimulated by sympathetic Nerves)

Hormonal Stimuli - stimulated by tropic hormones from other glands (eg. TSH stimulates thyroid to produce T3+T4)

33
Q

What are the types of feedback loops

A

Negative - most common- decreases the effects of the stimuli
Positive - less common - increases the effects of the stimuli

34
Q

What are the different processes of Direct and INdirect Negative feedback loops

A

Direct: High levels of hormone X - release hormone Y to reduce levels of Hormone X

Indirect: High levels of hormone X - release of Hormone X inhibiting factor - decrease of Hormone X

35
Q

what important role does the respiratory centre in the PONS have in respiration

A

switching between inspiration and expiration

36
Q

what is the target tissue/gland for Prolactin

A

Mammary glands AND ovaries

37
Q

What is the target tissue/gland for FSH and LH

A

ovaries AND testes

38
Q

what are the 3 regions of the thyroid gland (in order from right to left)

A
  • right lobe
  • isthmus
  • left lobe
39
Q

describe the histology of the thyroid gland

A
  • made up of thyroid follicles (large spherical structures)
  • simple cuboidal cells called follicular cells lines the outside of the follicle
  • inside is a protein suspension called thyroglobulin
  • thyroglobulin contains the hormones to be released
  • between the follicles are blood vessels and Parafollicular cells
40
Q

what is secreted by parafollicular cells and what is it’s function

A

calcitonin - ↓ Blood Ca++ by promoting Ca++ deposition in bone & ↑ renal Ca++ excretion

41
Q

describe where parathyroid glands can be found, what they secrete, and what the hormone does

A
  • there are 4 pea shaped structures located on the POSTERIOR side of the thyroid gland
  • they secrete parathyroid hormone
  • parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels in the blood
42
Q

how does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium levels

A
  • promoting Ca++ release from bones
  • by decreasing Ca++ excretion
  • increasing active Vitamin D levels to increase Ca++ absorption in the GI tract
43
Q

how does aldosterone retain water

A

it causes kidneys to retain Na+ and then water follows by osmosis

44
Q

cortisol can increase the blood levels of what substance

A

glucose (for energy)

45
Q

what 2 hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla

A
  • epinephrine/adrenaline
    norepinephrine/noradrenaline
46
Q

how long is the pancreas and what are the 3 sections

A

approx. 12.5 to 15 cm
- head, body, tail

47
Q

describe the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas

A
  • endocrine : secretes insulin and glucagon into the cardiovascular system (bloodstream)
  • exocrine : uses a duct to secrete digestive enzymes into a body cavity (exo) - duodenum
48
Q
A

ISAP (7 decks)

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