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ISAP > Module 3 - Muscular system > Flashcards

Module 3 - Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

where is the pectoralis major and what does it do

A

it attaches to the anterior chest wall, and runs laterally over the shoulder joint and attaches to the upper humerus

when it contracts/shortens it results in adduction of the arms

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2
Q

what is the name of the abdominal muscle with vertical fibres

A

rectus abdominis (nicknamed 6 pack)

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3
Q

what are the 4 layers of abdominal muscles called

A
  • rectus abdominis (vertical)
  • transverse abdominis (horizontal)
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
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4
Q

what happens when the abdominal muscles contract

A

compress abdominal cavity and increase pressure

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5
Q

what are the 2 most superficial muscles of the back

A
  • trapezius
  • latissimus dorsi
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6
Q

where do the superficial muscles of the back join medially

A

spinous process of the vertebrae

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7
Q

the trapezius muscle has 3 fibre directions. What are they and what are their actions

A

superior (scapula up to cervical spine/head) - elevate scapula

horizontal (scapula to upper thoracic spine) - retract the scapula

inferior (scapula down to lower thoracic spine) - depress the scapula

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8
Q

what muscles work to keep the spine upright/erect

A

erector spinae

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9
Q

what are the 3 muscle that make up the glutes and what distinguishes them (why are they named that)

A

they are named by their size (which also happens to be outermost to innermost)
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus

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10
Q

how does the gluteus maximus cross the hip joint and consequently what is its function

A

it crosses posteriorly and extends the hip joint

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11
Q

how do the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus cross the hip joint and what is their function

A

they cross the hip joint laterally and abduct the hip

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12
Q

what are the 3 positions of muscle fibres in the deltoid, how do they cross the joint and what do they do

A

position: anterior - flexion of shoulder
position: middle (crosses the shoulder laterally- abduction
position: posterior - extension of the shoulder joint

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13
Q

which muscles are used to flex and extend the elbow and where are they found

A

flexion = biceps brachii - found anterior to the elbow joint
extension = triceps brachii - found posterior to the elbow joint

note: brachii translates to “of the arm”
bicep translates to “2 headed” and tricep is “3 headed”

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14
Q

what is the name of the group of muscles on the posterior side of the forearm and what is their role

A

extensors of the wrists and digits
(extend wrists and digits)

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15
Q

what is the name of the muscle group on the anterior side of the forearm and what is their role

A

flexors of the wrists and digits
(flex wrists and digits)

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16
Q

where are the pronators and supinators located and what do they do

A

supinators - on top of the radius just below the elbow - they rotate the forearm so the palms face forward in an anatomical position

pronators - just below the elbow and just above the wrist - rotate the wrist so the palm faces backwards in the anatomical position

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17
Q

what is the name of the group of 4 muscles on the anterior side of the thigh and what do they attach to

A

quadriceps - attach to the femur proximally and tibia distally (over the knee)

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18
Q

the 3 muscles on the posterior aspect of the thigh are known collectively as what

A

hamstrings

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19
Q

what are the names of the 3 muscles in the hamstring and what is a defining feature of each

A

from medial to lateral:
semimembranosus - has a flat tendon of origin (originate at ischium of pelvis)

semitendinosus - has a long tendon of insertion (to the tibia)

Biceps femoris - has 2 heads

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20
Q

the hamstrings cross the hip and knee posteriorly. what is their action when contracted

A

extension of the hip
flexion of the knee

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21
Q

which joint in the body has an opposite naming of flexion and extension

A

knee

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22
Q

what is the name of the muscles inside your thigh, what joint do they cross and how to they act on it

A

adductors of the hip
cross the hip joint medially
adduct the hip

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23
Q

what is the muscle on the anterior aspect of the leg, attaching to the tibia and crossing the ankle joint anteriorly and what is it’s role

A
  • it crosses the joint obliquely and attaches to the medial side of the foot
  • it is called the tibialis anterior
  • it can pull the foot upwards (dorsiflexion of the ankle) or it can turn the plantar surface medially (inversion of the ankle)
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24
Q

what is the name of the main muscle in the calf and what does it attach to posteriorly

A

it is called the gastrocnemius and attaches to the calcaneus (heel bone) via the achilles tendon

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25
Q

what does the gastrocnemius do when contracted

A

plantarflexion of the foot (pointing toes)

26
Q

what is the name of the muscle that closes the eyes

A

orbicularis oculi

27
Q

what is the name of the muscle that puckers the mouth

A

obicularisoris

28
Q

what is the name of the muscle attached to the zygomatic bone and is responsible for smiling

A

zygomaticus

29
Q

what is the name of the muscle at the forehead, that may contract if you are surprised

A

frontalis

30
Q

what 2 bones form the joint that moves when chewing and what is the name of the joint

A

the temporal bone and the mandible
the joint is the temporomandibular joint

31
Q

what are the 2 muscles of mastication and where do they join

A

temporalis - joins the temporal bone and mandible
masseter - joins the zygomatic arch and the mandible

32
Q

what is the muscle that forms the wall of the buccal cavity and what is its role

A

buccinator - no movement in mastication but compresses the cheeks

33
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue in a muscle and what do they surround

A

epimysium - surrounds the whole muscle (fascicles and blood vessels and nerves)
perimysium - surrounds each muscle fascicle
endomysium - surrounds each muscle cell

34
Q

what muscles have striations

A

skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles

35
Q

which muscle type is multinucleated

A

skeletal

36
Q

what shape are the nuclei in muscle cells

A

round in cardiac muscle and elongated in skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

37
Q

describe the shape of each muscle cell

A

cardiac - branched cylinders
skeletal - cylindrical
smooth - spindle-shaped

38
Q

where are the nuclei in different muscle cells found

A

cardiac and smooth - central
skeletal - peripheral

39
Q

what are t tubules and why are they important

A

t tubules are projections of the sarcolemma into the cell
when the action potential travels along the cell it moves along the t tubule which brings it closer to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

what is the role of Ca++ in muscle contraction

A

Action potential triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
The Ca++ then binds to the troponin which moves the tropomyosin out the way of the active site so the actin and myosin can bind

41
Q

what is excitation-contraction coupling

A

the process from an action potential on a muscle surface to the interaction of actin and myosin

42
Q

what 3 proteins for the thin myofilament

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

43
Q

what are the 7 functions of the muscular system

A
  • MOVEMENT of the body
  • maintain POSTURE
  • RESPIRATION
  • production of BODY HEAT
  • COMMUNICATION
  • CONSTRICTION of organs/vessels
  • CONTRACTION of heart

M-P-R-BH- C-C-C

44
Q

what are 4 general properties of muscles

A
  • excitability (respond to stimulus)
  • contractility
  • extensibility (stretch)
  • elasticity (recoil)
45
Q

how does connective tissue surrounding muscle help with movement

A

the CT connects the muscle to the tendon to the bone so that a muscle contraction can move the bones

46
Q

what does the prefix sarco mean

A

muscle cell

47
Q

what are terminal cisternae

A

enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum located either side of the t tubule

48
Q

what is the I band and what runs up the center of it

A
  • it is the light band
  • it is the area with only actin (thin filament)
  • up the middle is the z line which is the attachment point for actin
49
Q

what is the A band and what runs up the middle of it

A
  • the A band is the dark band
  • it is the length of the thick filament myosin
  • up the middle of it is the H zone (where there is no actin, only myosin)
  • and the line up the middle of the H zone is the m line
  • the m line is the middle and is the attachment point for the myosin
50
Q

describe how ATP is used by myosin

A

myosin head rests at 45º
ATP attaches to the head and is converted to ADP + P and the head reaches 90º
ADP + P are removed and the head returns to 45º

51
Q

what are G and F actin

A

G actin (globular) are linked together to form 2 strands of F actin (fibrin)

52
Q

what changes within the sarcomere in a contracted muscle

A
  • A band remains the same
  • I band shortens
  • H zone disappears
53
Q

what happens in a muscle cell when the action potential stops

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum takes back Ca++
  • troponin changes back
  • tropomyosin covers active site
  • no more actin myosin interaction
54
Q

what happens when tension is >=< load

A

if tension > load then muscle contracts and movement occurs
if tension = load muscle contracts isometrically (just holding position)
if tension<load muscle contracts eccentrically (tension maintain but muscle lengthens eg. controlled release)

55
Q

describe a motor unit

A
  • motor neurons only go to a few cells in a muscle
  • this unit may contain hundreds or thousands of muscle cells
  • ## nerve impulse travelling down that neuron will only cause the cells in it’s unit to contract
56
Q

what 2 ways can we increase tension in a muscle

A

summation - increase frequency of impulse (number of nerve impulses coming down the neuron)

recruitment - add another motor unit - causing more cells to contract

57
Q

how do muscle that require fine control/precision differ from muscles that require more power/less precision in terms of their motor units

A

fine control muscles = smaller number of muscle cells in each motor unit but many motor units

power muscles = large number of muscle cells in each unit and less units

58
Q

how are muslce cells in a motor unit positioned and how are motor units used within a muscle

A
  • muscle cells in a motor unit are spread around the muscle so an impulse can trigger a weak contraction of the whole muscle
  • motor units contract asynchronously (different units contract at different times) - to avoid fatigue
59
Q

what are the 3 ways a muscle can attach to a bone

A
  1. via a tendon
  2. an aponeurosis (thin sheet of connective tissue)
  3. directly to the periosteum of the bone
60
Q

what are the different lines of pull a muscle can have

A

circular eg around mouth

unipennate ( attach to one side of the tendon)

parallel ( fibres are parallel to muscle)

convergent ( single attachment point and fans out) eg pectoralis major

bipennate (fibres on 2 sides of a tendon)

multipennate eg deltoid

61
Q

what 5 factors influence the naming of muscles

A
  • shape
  • number of heads
  • direction of fibres
  • region/attachment
  • action
62
Q
A

ISAP (7 decks)

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