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BIOM1071 > Module 1 - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Module 1 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What features of arterioles allow them to function as high resistance vessels that regulate blood flow to tissues?

A

Small radius and smooth muscle

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2
Q

How is blood pressure regulation BEST described?

A

Blood pressure is regulated in the body by changes to the diameters of blood vessels in response to changes in the cardiac output and stroke volume.

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3
Q

Ventricular filling is comprised of TWO (2) phases. List and describe these TWO (2) phases

A

Rapid Ventricular Filling: During this phase, which occurs early in diastole (the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle), the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the tricuspid valve on the right side and the bicuspid or mitral valve on the left side) open as the atria contract. This allows blood to flow rapidly from the atria into the ventricles. The pressure in the atria is higher than in the ventricles at this point, facilitating the quick filling of the ventricles.

Diastasis (Slow Ventricular Filling): Following rapid ventricular filling, the ventricles continue to fill with blood during the diastasis phase, which is a slower filling period. During diastasis, the atria are relaxed, and the flow of blood into the ventricles is driven by a combination of gravity and the remaining pressure gradient between the atria and ventricles. This phase helps to complete the filling of the ventricles before the next contraction cycle.

These two phases of ventricular filling are essential for ensuring that the ventricles receive an adequate volume of blood for effective pumping during the subsequent systolic phase.

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4
Q

How many circuits does the cardiovascular system have?

A

Pulmonary & systematic

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5
Q

When system has the high pressure?

A

Systematic

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6
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

Four chambers - two atra and two ventricles

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7
Q

Which camber is the most muscular?

A

Left ventricle

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8
Q

How many valves does the heart have?

A

2 x atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & bicuspid)
2 x semilunar valves (pulmonary & aortic)

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9
Q

Why are the valves important?

A

TO prevent backflow - blood only moves in one direction

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10
Q

What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system and blood?

A

The primary functions of the cardiovascular system and blood include:

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells
Removing waste products, including carbon dioxide
Transporting hormones in the endocrine system

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11
Q

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to homeostasis in the body?

A

The cardiovascular system contributes to homeostasis by:

Regulating body temperature
Maintaining pH levels in the blood and interstitial fluid
Regulating blood volume and blood pressure

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12
Q

How does the cardiovascular system protect the body?

A

The cardiovascular system contributes to protection through:

White blood cells (WBCs) that are involved in the immune response

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13
Q

Define blood and its role in the cardiovascular system.

A

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is transported in the cardiovascular system. It carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells and tissues.

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14
Q

Describe the function of the heart in the cardiovascular system.

A

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through blood vessels to all parts of the body. It establishes the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to tissues.

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15
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels and their primary functions.

A

Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries: Facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues
Veins: Pump blood toward the heart

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16
Q

Explain the role of the pericardium in protecting the heart.

A

The pericardium is a double-layered sac that encloses the heart. It is comprised of an outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is tough and protects the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls and preventing it from overfilling with blood. The serous pericardium is a thinner, more delicate membrane and is further divided into two layers: the parietal layer, which attaches to the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer, which sits directly on the heart. Between these two layers is the pericardial cavity, which contains a small amount of fluid that reduces friction between the layers as the heart beats.

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17
Q

Describe the function of the coronary circulation.

A

Coronary circulation transports oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium). It ensures that the heart receives a continuous supply of oxygen, allowing it to function and survive.

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18
Q

Provide an overview of blood flow through the heart.

A

Blood flows through the heart in the following sequence:

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body.
Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary valve.
In the lungs, blood becomes oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs.
Blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation to supply the body.

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19
Q

Explain the terms diastole and systole in the context of the cardiac cycle.

A

Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart relaxes and fills with blood after contraction. Systole is the phase when the heart contracts to pump blood out to the rest of the body.

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20
Q

Differentiate between the roles of the left and right sides of the heart.

A

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated bloodfrom the lungs and transports to the systemic circulation, while the right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins and pumps it through the arteries to the lungs.

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21
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles in the heart?

A

Papillary muscles in the heart play a role in preventing the backflow of blood through the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves).

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22
Q

How does blood flow in the systemic circulation differ from the pulmonary circulation?

A

In the systemic circulation, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to supply the body, while in the pulmonary circulation, the right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

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23
Q

What are the major blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart?

A

The major blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart are the superior and inferior vena cava.

24
Q

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of -

A

Capillaries

25
Q

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it

A

pumps a greater volume of blood

26
Q

What is the primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart?

A

The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

27
Q

What are the components of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

A

The main parts of the system are the SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

These muscles cells and nodes generate and conduct electrical impulses to regulate the heartbeat.

28
Q

Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?

A

Left atrium and ventricle

29
Q

What is the definition of isovolumetric contraction in the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric contraction refers to what occurs during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers, with both the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves closed, preventing blood from entering or leaving the ventricles.

30
Q

What does the Frank-Starling Law state about the relationship between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume in the heart?

A

The Frank-Starling law of the heart (or Starling’s law) is a physiological concept that explains how the heart adjusts to varying levels of incoming blood.
Simply put, it states that the more the heart muscle is stretched during filling (the more blood that enters the heart), the stronger the heart’s contraction will be and the more blood it will pump out. This happens up to a certain point - if the heart muscle is overstretched, it may not contract effectively.
This is similar to how a rubber band works

31
Q

What component of veins allows them to function as a volume reservoir and hold a large volume of blood at rest?

A

High compliance

Which is their ability to stretch and expand to accommodate variations in blood volume without a significant increase in pressure.

32
Q

True or False: Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.

A

True

33
Q

True or False: When we move from lying to standing, heart rate increases in response to the initial decline in stroke volume.

A

False

34
Q

What does systole and diastole refer to in the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole refers to the phase when the heart contracts to eject blood, while diastole refers to the phase when the heart relaxes after contracting, allowing for filling.

35
Q

How does blood flow through the heart valves?

A

Blood flows through the heart valves based on the relative pressure on either side of the valve, either opening or closing them.

36
Q

Why do heart sounds occur, and what are the four heart sounds?

A

Heart sounds result from blood turbulence. The four heart sounds are:

  1. (First heart sound): Lub - Caused by turbulence from the sequential closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
  2. (Second heart sound): Dub - Due to vibrations from the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
  3. (Third heart sound): Marks the end of rapid filling phase and is due to the recoil of blood from the ventricular wall.
  4. (Fourth heart sound): Coincides with atrial contraction and is not normally heard, indicating strong atrial contractions.
37
Q

Define End Diastolic Volume (EDV) and End Systolic Volume (ESV).

A

EDV is the volume of blood in the ventricle before contraction, while ESV is the volume of blood in the ventricle after contraction.

38
Q

What is Stroke Volume, and how is it calculated?

A

Stroke Volume is the volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single contraction. It is calculated as Stroke Volume = End Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End Systolic Volume (ESV).

39
Q

What is Cardiac Output, and how is it calculated?

A

Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute, indicating blood flow through peripheral tissues. It is calculated as Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (beats/min) x Stroke Volume (ml/beat).

40
Q

Explain Preload and Afterload in the context of cardiac function.

A

Preload is the volume of blood received by the heart, and it represents stretch. Afterload is the pressure or resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood. Greater preload leads to stronger cardiac contractions, primarily determined by Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume (EDV). Afterload is mainly determined by resistance in the blood vessels.

41
Q

How does venous return affect cardiac function?

A

Increased venous return increases End Diastolic Volume (EDV) by causing the heart muscle to stretch, which enhances preload. As the cardiac muscle stretches, the next contraction becomes stronger. However, overstretching the heart can lead to a decline in stroke volume.
Regenerate

42
Q

What are the three major components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The three major components of the cardiovascular system are blood, the heart, and blood vessels.

43
Q

Describe the functions of blood vessels.

A

Blood vessels serve as vascular highways that transport blood throughout the body to meet various demands, including oxygen delivery, nutrient delivery, waste removal, chemical messenger delivery (e.g., hormones), and maintaining body temperature.

44
Q

How do arteries and veins differ in structure and function?

A

Arteries typically have a smaller lumen (interior space) compared to veins of similar size, have a muscular wall, and contain elastic lamellae. Arteries operate under higher pressure compared to veins, and their structure reflects this function. Veins, on the other hand, have valves to facilitate blood flow toward the heart, a thicker tunica externa (outer layer), and a larger lumen. Veins return blood toward the heart.

45
Q

What is the importance of elastic lamellae in arteries?

A

Elastic lamellae in arteries allow them to expand like balloons and temporarily hold excess blood. When the heart is in diastole (relaxation), the stretched arterial walls recoil, exerting pressure on the blood, ensuring continued flow even when the heart is not actively pumping.

46
Q

Briefly explain the roles of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins in the circulatory system.

A

Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
Arterioles regulate blood flow into tissues.
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of substances, including nutrients, gases, and hormones, between blood and tissues.
Venules carry blood away from tissues.
Veins transport blood back into the heart.

47
Q

What are the key factors that determine resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system?

A

Resistance to blood flow is determined by three factors:

Blood viscosity (directly proportional)
Vessel length (directly proportional)
Vessel radius (inversely proportional)
Among these, vessel radius is the most important determinant of resistance. Doubling the vessel radius increases blood flow by 16 times.

48
Q

How does the baroreceptor reflex contribute to short-term regulation of blood pressure?

A

In certain parts of your body, baroreceptors, which are special nerve endings, can “sense” artery wall stretch. This message goes to your brain, which interprets it as adequate blood pressure. In the absence of this stretch, your brain responds accordingly to raise your blood pressure

49
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

Systolic pressure: The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction.

50
Q

How is blood pressure measured, and what are Korotkoff sounds?

A

Blood pressure is typically measured indirectly using a sphygmomanometer. The examiner wraps a cuff around the arm, inflates it to exceed systolic pressure, and then slowly releases pressure while listening for Korotkoff sounds with a stethoscope. Korotkoff sounds are distinct from heart sounds and occur during blood pressure determination. Systolic pressure is recorded when the first sounds are heard, and diastolic pressure is recorded when the sounds disappear.

51
Q

Define diastolic pressure

A

The lowest level of aortic pressure when the heart is at rest.

52
Q

Define Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

53
Q

Define Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

The average pressure in the arteries, calculated as diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure.

54
Q

What are the two main neural mechanisms that control peripheral resistance in short-term blood pressure regulation?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System& Baroreceptor Reflex

55
Q

Describe how the cardiovascular system responds during aerobic exercise. In your response,
describe what happens to the heart, absolute cardiac output, the distribution of cardiac output,
mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance.

A

the cardiovascular system responds to aerobic exercise by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, leading to a significant rise in cardiac output. Blood flow is directed to active muscles, and mean arterial pressure increases to maintain proper perfusion. The dilation of arterioles in the muscles reduces total peripheral resistance, facilitating increased blood flow to the exercising tissues. These adjustments collectively ensure that the body receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support physical activity.

56
Q

What are the sensory mechanisms responsible for detecting alterations in blood pressure within the human body

A

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid arteries detect changes in blood pressure

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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