module 1 cells as a basis of life Flashcards

1
Q

does prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

no nucleus

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2
Q

are prokaryotic cells bigger or smaller?

A

smaller - very small

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3
Q

does prokaryotic cells have organelles?

A

no organelles

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4
Q

does eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles?

A

yes

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5
Q

does animals have cell walls?

A

no

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6
Q

does plant cells have cell walls?

A

yes

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7
Q

function of chloroplast

A

use light energy, co2 + water to produce glucose (via photosynthesis)

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8
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

use oxygen + glucose to produce ATP (via respiration)

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9
Q

structure of chloroplasts

A

disk shaped with a double membrane, DNA and chlorophyll

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10
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

have a double membrane (inner membrane highly folded)

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11
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

flexible, semi-permable membrane

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12
Q

function of cell membrane

A

protect/contain organelles and control movement of substances in/out of cell

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13
Q

structure of cell wall

A

external structure which surrounds the cell membrane

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14
Q

function of cell wall

A

structural strength and protection

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15
Q

structure of cytoplasm

A

watery, gel-like fluid

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16
Q

function of the cytoplasm

A

suspend organelles, give the cell shape

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17
Q

structure of pili and flagella

A

external, hair-like appendages made of microtubules

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18
Q

structure of vacuole

A

membrane-bound, fluid-filled vesicle

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19
Q

function of vacuole

A

stores substances; tugor pressure maintains shape/structure in plants

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20
Q

structure of the nucleus

A

membrane bound, contains DNA

21
Q

function of the nucleus

A

contain genetic instructions for cell growth, repair and functioning

22
Q

structure of ribosomes

A

made of protein and RNA

23
Q

function of ribosomes

A

make proteins

24
Q

structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of flat, interconnected membranes - Rough ER –> HAS ribosomes. Smooth ER –> NO ribosomes

25
Q

function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER: process and modify proteins

Smooth ER: make lipids

26
Q

structure of the golgi body

A

flat, membrane bound sacs that arent connected to each other

27
Q

function of golgi body

A

processes and packages substances made in the cell e.g. proteins

28
Q

structure of lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes

29
Q

function of lysosomes

A

breaks down cellular waste and foreign particles

30
Q

explain light microscopes

A

light passes through condenser lens and through the thin specimem- this beam of light then passes through the objective lens and is magnified qand viewed through ocular lens

31
Q

explain fluorescence microscpes

A

similar to light but has extra features

32
Q

explain electron microscope

A

uses electron beam and electromagnets –> uses electrons instead of light –> much greater magnification

33
Q

main 2 types of electron microscopes

A

scanning electron microscopes

transmission electron microscope

34
Q

what does the fluid mosaic model describe?

A

double layer of lids, a lipid bilayer

35
Q

explain active transport

A

The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration and requires the input of energy through a selectively permeable membrane

36
Q

explain diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a region where it has a high concentration to a region where it has a low concentration. Movement by diffusion follows the concentration gradient of the molecule in question.

37
Q

why is both diffusion and osmosis essential for cells

A

they allow the movement of substances in and out of the cell’s cytoplasm across the cell membrane. These processes occur automatically without the input of energy. Thus, they are said to be ‘passive transport’.

38
Q

when does facilitated diffusion occur

A

when substances move down a concentration gradient (high to low) but their movement is facilitated by carrier proteins

39
Q

cellular/aerobic respiration formular

A

glucose + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide + ATP (energy)

40
Q

photosynthesis formular

A

co2 + o2 –> (sunlight chlorophyll) –> glucose + oxygen

41
Q

what are enzymes

A

• Enzymes are biological catalysts i.e. they are organic compounds and speed up reactions

42
Q

at what temp does enzymes denature?

A

beyond 50-60 degrees

43
Q

what are the factors that effect enzymes?

A

substrate, temp, pH

44
Q

what do autotrophs need to do to obtain energy

A

Autotrophs need to manufacture their own glucose by the process of photosynthesis e.g. Green plants

45
Q

what do heterotrophs need to do to obtain energy

A

Heterotrophs obtain glucose by consuming other organisms and then by the process of digestion breakdown their food into simpler organic compounds including glucose e.g. All animals and fungi

46
Q

example of an autotroph

A

green plants

47
Q

example of heterotrophs

A

all animals and fungi

48
Q

how is matter made

A

through photosynthesis

49
Q

how does waste removal usually occur

A

through diffusion