Module 1- Cells, cell size, diffusion

Question 1

Metazoa

Answer 1

Multicellular Animals:
- Heterotrophs
- Body is organized around a digestive cavity
- no cell walls
- Motile (have the ability to move)

Question 2

Embryophyta

Answer 2

Seed bearing plants
- Photosynthetic
- Cell wall
- Meristem (plant growth cells)

Question 3

Multiple cells adhere and recognize to others via cell-to-cell junctions

Answer 3

Multicellular Organism

Question 4

Communication/signaling between cells can occur via cell-cell connection

Answer 4

Multicellular Organism

Question 5

Cellular differentiation and specialization

Answer 5

Multicellular Organism

Question 6

multiple cells aggregate together but no cell-cell connection

Answer 6

Colonial Unicellular

Question 7

Communication/signaling occurs only external to cells - little coordination

Answer 7

Colonial Unicellular

Question 8

Cells nearly identical

Answer 8

Colonial Unicellular

Question 9

Serial division without separation

Answer 9

Clonal Development

Question 10

Cells come together, adhere

Answer 10

Aggregation

Question 11

Connections between the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent plant cell

Answer 11

Plasmodesmata

Question 12

Fluid that passes through the plasmodesmata

Answer 12

Symplast

Question 13

organelles with common origins to chloroplasts

Answer 13

Plastids

Question 14

Connections between animal cells

Answer 14

Gap Junctions

Question 15

Very close adherence between two animal cells

Answer 15

tight junctions

Question 16

Attaches plant cells to one another

Answer 16

Middle lamella

Question 17

ties the fibers of the cell wall together

Answer 17

Pectins

Question 18

Prokaryotes

Answer 18

• no membrane bound organelles
• no nucleus
• small in size

Question 19

Eukaryotes

Answer 19

• Nucleus
• Membrane bound organelles
• large in size

Question 20

Advantages to larger size

Answer 20

• ability to survive
• greater complexity
• store energy

Question 21

Disadvantages to larger size

Answer 21

• Diffusion limitations
• difficult to communicate

Question 22

Reynolds number

Answer 22

Value less than 10: flow is orderly and reversible, slow movement
Value larger than 100: flow is disorderly, fast movement

Question 23

Diffusion limits

Answer 23

• Distance
• number of places it can occur
• Amount of things
• speed of travel

Question 24

Fick’s law

Answer 24

Q = D * A (∆M/X)
Q= Rate of diffusion
D= Diffusion Coefficient
A= Area
∆M= difference in the amount of stuff
X= distance to travel between two points

Question 25

t = X^2

Answer 25

the time it takes a particle to diffuse is equal to the square of the distance it must travel

Question 26

V = L^3

Answer 26

Volume equates to the length cubed

Question 27

A = L^2

Answer 27

Area equates to the length squared

Question 28

Solutions to Size

Answer 28

- Decrease metabolic processes limited by diffusion - Change shape to increase surface area - Divide the organism into smaller cells to increase SA - Bulk flow systems

Question 29

Prokaryotes -> Eukaryotes

Answer 29

membrane needed more SA so it folded in on itself

Question 30

Isometry

Answer 30

- Growth of structure is proportional to growth of body - Same shaped structures, different sizes (baby to adult)

Question 31

Allometry

Answer 31

- Growth of structure isn't proportional to growth of body - Different shaped structures, different sizes (baby to adult)

Question 32

Growth Slope is larger than predicted slope

Answer 32

positive allometry

Question 33

Growth slope is smaller than predicted slope

Answer 33

negative allometry

Question 34

growth slope is the same as predicted slope

Answer 34

isometry

Question 35

scaling relationships

Answer 35

y/x relationship = Predicted

Question 36

Hyperplasia

Answer 36

increase in cell number

Question 37

Hypertrophy

Answer 37

increase in cell size without an increase in number

Question 38

Endotherms

Answer 38

Can regulate metabolic heat production