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Biology 162 Final Exam > Module 5- large body systems > Flashcards

Module 5- large body systems Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Threshold of an Action Potential

A

-55

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2
Q

Steps of an Action Potential

A
  1. resting state is disturbed and starts to depolarize
  2. Threshold is reached and voltage gated ion channels open, Na+ flow into the cell making it even more positive
  3. The peak of the AP is reached when the cell can’t take anymore positive charged molecules
  4. K+ Voltage gated ion channels open to try and depolarize the cell
  5. There is a small period when the cell becomes too negative before returning to its rest state (Na+/K+ pumps work in the background to reset the concentration gradient)
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3
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheets for faster action potential travel

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4
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

the time period when an action potential cannot be fired

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5
Q

Synaptic integration

A

summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs

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6
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Sum of all EPSPs and IPSPs received on a neuron at different synapse locations

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7
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Summation of either all the EPSPs or IPSPs received from a singular synapse within a short time frame

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Cover the skeleton
  • Voluntary movements
  • Range of Motion is usually dominated by the skeletal system
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9
Q

Origin

A

Proximal muscle anchoring attachment

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10
Q

Insertion

A

Distal muscle attachment connected to the moving bone

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Connection of muscle to bone

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12
Q

What make up Muscle Fibers

A

actin and myosin

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13
Q

Motor Unit

A

The group of fibers one neuron controls

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14
Q

Fascia

A

Sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer the muscle

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15
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

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16
Q

Myofibrils

A

Bundles of contractile proteins

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

The band that spans the length of the myosin and actin proteins

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18
Q

Z disks

A

anchor the actin filaments

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19
Q

M band

A

Anchor the Myosin filaments

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20
Q

Cross bridges

A

Connections between actin and myosin that result in contraction of muscle fibers

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21
Q

Troponin

A

Holds the Tropomyosin in place to prevent a cross bridge and thus muscle contraction

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22
Q

Muscle contraction

A

shortening of the sarcomere

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23
Q

Neuromuscular junctions

A

The connection between the synapse and the myofibrils

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24
Q

how to cause a contraction from neuron to actin

A
  1. an AP is sent down the neuron
  2. the AP starts the release of acetylcholine to the myofibril
  3. AP travels down the t-tubule to start the release of Ca+
  4. Ca+ bind to the troponin which release the tropomyosin
  5. with the use of ADP-Pi, myosin are able form cross bridges and contract the actin when it becomes ADP
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25
Tetany
The sum of many twitches spaced closely together
26
Recruitment
The body will activate the motor units that give off the least max strength first and work its way up will it has to use all the motor units at once
27
Innervation ratio
the actual number of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron
28
Slow twitch fibers
- benefits small force production of energy for a longer period of time - activated first
29
Fast twitch fibers
- large force generated over a short period of time - Fatigue easily - recruited when needed
30
Atrophy
Decrease in size due to lack of use
31
Force
Alters an objects motion or distorts it (Newtons)
32
Force equation
Mass x Acceleration
33
Net Force
Sum of all forces acting on the object
34
Static State
all forces cancel out and result in no movement
35
Dynamic state
Forces are unequal and results in movement
36
Stress
Force focused on at one area
37
Stress equation
stress = Force/ Area
38
Tension
Pulling force
39
Compression
Pressing force
40
object Tension/ compression laws
The force decreases as you look closer to the neutral axis
41
Stiffness
The ability to resist being deformed
42
Work
The effort it takes to deform or break an object
43
Failure
Object breaks
44
Elastic deformation
Object can deform but return to its previous state
45
Plastic deformation
Permanently change the objects shape
46
Hydrostat (Plant)
- membrane pushes back onto the fluid making it rigid - allows plants to resist gravity -
47
Hemi-cellulose (Plant)
- Elastic - Resist tension
48
Cellulose (Plant)
- stiff - tensile strength - primary and secondary cell walls
49
Plant cell growth
Cell can only expand parallel to the cellulose fiber
50
Elastin (animal)
- makes the membrane elastic
51
Collagen
- makes a rigid membrane
52
Vertebrates Hydrostats
- coelomic cavities - Intervertebral disks
53
Muscular Hydrostats
- muscles hold water within - Circular muscles around - longitudinal muscles
54
Circular muscles
- elongates the muscle
55
Longitudinal Muscles
- Shortens the muscle
56
Hydrostat failure
Increase stress on body walls without sufficient stiffness leads to failure
57
Composite materials
a combination of materials to get the best of both
58
Xylem
- dead plant cells that pack closed together towards the surface of the plant (Secondary cell wall) - Transports water, and minerals
59
Stiffness of a tube vs a rod
A tube will have more stiffness because the greatest amount of material is the farthest from the neutral axis
60
Lignin
- Resists compression - Aids in fluid - Secondary cell wall
61
Open Exoskeleton
- composite shell -doesn't fully enclose the body - Can open and close portions - anchor points for muscles
62
Brittle
- can withstand heavy loads with little deforming - Stiff/ will break
63
Closed exoskeleton
- Composite material: chitin - Rigid external shell - Flexible areas between rigid plates - limits growth - Ecdysis
64
Ecdysis
molting, allows for growth
65
Metazoan Endoskeleton
Echinoderms: - mutable connective tissue- controlled stiffness - Tubed feet become hydrostats Vertebrates: - Composite material - Connective tissues: Bone
66
Parts of the Lever System
Fulcrum: joint In-lever: from the point of the force to the fulcrum L(in) out-lever: from the fulcrum to end of the movable system L(out)
67
Energy
Energy = Force X Length Energy(in) = Energy(out) L(in)/L(out) = F(out)/F(in) -smaller value (High speed and ROM, Low force) - Larger Value (Low speed and ROM, Force)

Biology 162 Final Exam (5 decks)

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